Investigating the nursing process and nursing care Essays

Investigating the nursing process and nursing care Essays Investigating the nursing process and nursing care Essay Investigating the nursing process and nursing care Essay In this essay I will use the nursing process which is an individualised problem-solving approach to nursing care. It involves four stages: assessment (of the patients problems), planning (how to resolve them), implementation (of the plans), and evaluation (of their success). (Oxford Nurses Dictionary, Fifth edition, 2003 New York). I shall be focusing on one aspect of the nursing process, which will be implementation. The implementation phase is when you put your care plan into action. Implementation encompasses all nursing interventions directed at solving the patients problems and meeting health care needs. While you co-ordinate implementation, you also seek help from the patient, the patients family, and other members of the health-care team. (Lippencott, Williams and Wilkins, Medical-Surgical Nursing Made Incredibly Easy, 2004). I have already used the process of planning to work out the solutions to my Patients needs. I referred to the workings of the SMART (Specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time orientated) principle. (Hinchcliff, S, 2004) and the 12 activities of living by Roper, Logan and Tierney (Roper, N et al 2001) in order to help me achieve that. Egan explains that a helping model is like a map that helps you know what to do in your interactions with clients. At any given moment, it also helps you orient yourself, to understand where you are with the client and what kind of intervention would be most useful. (G. Egan, The Skilled Helper: A problem Management Approach to Helping 6th Edition). I have used a pseudonym to comply with my patients confidentiality as stated in the NMC (Nursing and Midwifery council) guidelines (NMC Code of Conduct clause 5. 1 2004). My patients name will be changed to Rachel; she is 35-year-old lady who has been admitted to have a bilateral breast reduction. She has been admitted to a surgical ward within the local trust. Rachel is married with two children who are two and four. She lives with her husband and children in the local area, with her husband being her next of kin. I have focused on one aspect of care that was highlighted from the planning process, which is Rachels post-operative care. The nurse in charge explained the hospitals policies and procedures for when the patient is received back into the ward from recovery. This was to check the airway is patent and the patient is breathing adequately. (Botti, M. and Hunt, J. (2000) The routine of post anesthetic observations. Contemporary Nurse 3(2): 52-57. ) The nurse explained that usually the patient is conscious before leaving the recovery room. Then I was told to record her temperature, pulse, blood pressure and oxygen saturation and compare the results with the patients pre-operative recordings. One of the most significant nursing activities in relation to prevention being the key is to keep observing patient/ client (Kenworthy. N, Snowley. G, C.? Ask christy. Common Foundation Studies in Nursing, third edition 2002). The nurse told me to observe the wound and any drains that may be present. Such as a Redivac or a catheter. I was told that I will need to check, if an intravenous infusion is present, and that I should inform the nurse in charge of her care, so she can check the intravenous infusion is functioning according to medical staff instructions. The nurse explained to me how important it is to read the patients theatre notes to confirm the surgical procedure, which has been carried out and ascertain any instructions from the surgeon or anaesthetist. For example, positioning of the patient, oxygen therapy. I was explained that I will have to ensure that the patient is lying in the most comfortable position possible, and that the limbs are positioned in a manner, which will not endanger muscle and nerve tissue. The nurse informed me, she would administer analgesia as required by the patient and as prescribed by the medical staff on her drug chart, as explained in the NMC guidelines for the administration of medicines london 2004. I was instructed to record blood pressure, pulse, oxygen saturation and respiration rates until they were within normal range and stable. Also to encourage and assist patient with breathing exercises to promote lung expansion, and therefore prevent chest infection. Simple nursing interventions, such as early mobilization and encouraging patients to do leg exercises while in bed, can help to reduce the risk of thrombus formation as well as urinary tract infections, pressure ulcers and constipation. The nurse told me that the policy was also to allow graduated amounts of fluid unless contra-indicated (e. g. the presence of a naso-gastric tube), then gradually introduce solid food if there is no vomiting and if bowel sounds are present. Also to record the amount and time when the patient passes urine and when the patient has a first bowel movement. The nurse asked me to ensure patient has adequate periods of rest. I was told to carry out these observations by my mentor. Some of these observations such as record blood pressure, pulse, and oxygen saturation and respiration rates should be carried out every fifteen minutes for an hour, then every half hour for four hours, then after that hourly for a certain period of time. The patients observations should be monitored for twenty-four hours closely. This does not always mean carrying out clinical measurement with special equipment although of course this is carried out a great deal. It means, literally, look at your patient frequently, and get used to how they appear and behave when they are stable and comfortable. Because we are then able to notice even the very slightest changes in the patients condition and these observations can be life saving. When Rachel was brought back to the ward from recovery, I came to meet her in her room. I greeted Rachel and asked her how she was feeling, and whether she was nauseous or in any pain. Pain is what the patient says it is, existing when he says it does. (M. McCaffery, Nursing the patient in pain, 1983) I needed to find this out for her post operative chart. Rachel then replied that she wasnt in any pain and not feeling nauseous. I then asked Rachel if she was comfortable or needed anything, Rachel replied that she was fine but feeling a little tired. Individuals are primarily social beings and a major part of living involves communicating with other people in one way or another (Roper et al applying the model in practice 1996). I then went on to assess her level of consciousness and discovered that Rachel was still slightly drowsy which was not abnormal as she had just returned from theatre. I recorded the results clearly and in such a manner that the text can not be erased. I also recognized that I should not include abbreviations, jargon, meaningless phrases, irrelevant speculation and offensive subjective statements. As stated by the NMC (Nursing and Midwifery Council, Guidelines for records and record keeping, London 2005) Then Rachel gave consent for me to conduct her observations I started by taking her blood pressure. Blood pressure is always undertaken on admission so we have a normal range for the individual patient and thereafter if required and according to the patients care plan. This is an important clinical measurement of cardiovascular function and one that denotes critical changes or potential changes in a patients condition. Post operatively, it is important to check and record frequently. Blood pressure is the force extended by the blood as it flows through the blood vessels. It is arterial blood pressure, which is normally recorded. Blood pressure increases with age, weight gain, stress anxiety. Normal range is considered to be from 100/60 to 140/90 mm Hg. The term hypotension is used when the blood pressure is lower than the normal range. The term hypertension is used when the systolic or diastolic blood pressure is elevated above the normal range. The correct size of cuff must be used to ensure accurate recordings. (Mallett, J. and Dougherty, L. (2000) Observations. Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures Oxford: Blackwell Science. Ch. 28 pp 402-432) After making sure that the bladder inside the cuff was covering at least 80%of the circumference of the upper arm (Nicol. M, Bavin, C, Bedford-Turner. S, Cronin. P, Rawlings-Anderson, Essential Nursing Skills, Second Edition Mosby london. 004). I informed Rachel that the cuff was about to inflate, and asked her if she could keep her arm straight and relax. Rachels blood pressure 120/80 the first number is the systolic pressure taken just after the ventricles contract: the second number is the diastolic pressure, taken when the ventricles relax, (Smart. T, Human Body, Dorling kindersley limited London 2001) During the time whilst taking Rachels blood pressure I decided to t ake her pulse oximetry. This as a sophisticated and painless test. In which a small sensor is placed on the patients finger or earlobe, for measuring the proportion of oxygenated haemoglobin (oxyhaemoglobin) in the patients blood. It works by measuring the amount of specific types of light that are absorbed by body tissue. An Alternative term is called an Oxygen Saturation Test. (2000-2006 HealthCentersOnline, Inc. ) Rachels oxygen level in her blood was 98%, which is within her normal range. I recorded this and her blood pressure results on her observation chart. I then informed Rachel that I was about to take her temperature and received her consent. Checking the temperature regularly is very important because an increased temperature maybe a sign that the patient could have an infection, or may have an allergic reaction to the medication she may have been given. Sites for recording body temperature include the axilla, rectum and ear. For each patient, the site for temperature measurement should be consistent. The normal range of body temperature is between 36Â °C and 37. 5Â °C. (Anon. (2001) Essential skills: a monthly collectable guide to core clinical procedures. Observation and monitoring. 13. Recording temperature. Nursing Standard 15(38): insert-12. In order to take her temperature I used a Tympanic and inserted the probe into the outer ear, adjacent to but not touching the tympanic membrane. Before I use the Tympanic I had to check a few things to make sure I didnt get an inaccurate reading. Such as wax in the ear, a cracked or dirty lens, and poor fitting in the ear and if the patient has been recently lying on the ear that is used, (Jevon. P, Using a Tympanic thermometer, Nursing Times 2001, 97(9): 43-44) Next I took Rachels respiratory rate, which is thought to be the most sensitive indicatory of a patients physiological well being. This is logical because respiratory rate reflects not only respiratory function as in hypoxia or hypercapnia, but also cardiovascular status as in pulmonary oedema, and metabolic imbalance such as that seen in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). (Kenwood G, Hodgetts T, Castle N. Time to put the R back in TPR. Nursing Times. 2001; 97:32-33. ) Respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the cells of the body and the environment through rhythmic expansion and deflation of the lungs. Each respiration consists of an inhalation, exhalation and the pause, which follows. (Stevens, S. and Becker, K. L. (1988) How to perform picture-perfect respiratory assessment. Nursing 18(1): 57-63. ) When I assessed Rachels respiration, I had to ensure she was relaxed and unaware of the counting process, I then had to count the respiratory rate and observe the depth and pattern of respiration and count the number of respirations for at least 30 seconds. (Finesilver, C. (1992) Respiratory assessment. RN 55(2): 22-30) I did this by asking Rachel whether I could take her pulse and counted her respirations for 60 seconds. Her respiratory rate was 14. Normal respiratory rates can vary according to age. The accepted normal range for healthy adults is 14 20 per minute. (Torrance, C. and Elley, K. (1997) Practical procedures for nurses. Respiration: technique and observation 2 no. 4. 2. Nursing Times 93(44): insert-Nov. Torrance, C. and Elley,) I recorded the rest of Rachels results on her observation chart and informed the nurse in charge of Rachels care that her observation were in a normal range and showed her the chart just to double check my knowledge of this subject was accurate. The nurse in charge checked the results on the chart and informed me that my decision was correct and her observations were within normal range. In conclusion with the help of nursing models I have used previously. I feel that I have implemented my patients care effectively and efficiently. The Roper, Logan and Tierney model (Roper, N et al 2001) which I used in my patients assessment, helped me break down my patients care to find out what my targets were, in order to treat her care holistically. I then used the SMART principle (Hinchcliff, S, 2004) in the planning of Rachels care. It helped me turn the issues highlighted into more achievable and measurable goals. I feel that if I never used these models then Rachels care would not have been implemented properly.

Benefits of the Graphical User Interface

Benefits of the Graphical User Interface The graphical user interface (GUI; sometimes pronounced â€Å"gooey†) is used by most commercially popular computer operating systems and software programs today. Its the kind of interface that allows users to manipulate elements on the screen using a mouse, a stylus, or even a finger. This kind of interface allows word processing or web design programs, for example, to offer WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) options. Before GUI systems became popular, command line interface (CLI) systems were the norm. On these systems, users had to input commands using lines of coded text. The commands ranged from simple instructions for accessing files or directories  to far more complicated commands that required many lines of code. As you might imagine, GUI systems have made computers far more user-friendly  than CLI systems. Benefits to  Businesses and Other Organizations A computer with a well-designed GUI can be used by almost anybody, regardless of how technically savvy the user might be. Consider the cash management systems, or computerized cash registers, in use in stores and restaurants today. Inputting information is as simple as pressing numbers or images on a touchscreen  in order to place orders and calculate payments, whether they be cash, credit, or debit. This process of inputting information is simple, practically anybody can be trained to do it, and the system can store all of the sales data for later analysis in countless ways. Such data collection was far more labor-intensive in the days before GUI interfaces. Benefits to Individuals Imagine trying to browse the web using a CLI system. Instead of pointing and clicking on links to visually stunning websites, users would have to call up text-driven directories of files and perhaps have to remember long, complicated URLs in order to input them manually. It certainly would be possible, and much valuable computing was done when CLI systems dominated the market, but it could be tedious and generally was limited to work-related tasks. If viewing family photos, watching videos, or reading the news on a home computer meant having to memorize sometimes long or complex command inputs, not many people would find that to be a relaxing way to spend their time. CLIs Value Perhaps the most obvious example of CLIs value  is with those who write code for software programs and web designs. GUI systems make tasks more accessible to average users, but combining a keyboard with a mouse or a touchscreen of some sort can be time-consuming  when the same task can be accomplished without having to take ones hands away from the keyboard. Those who write code know the command codes they need to include and dont want to waste time pointing and clicking if its not necessary. Inputting commands manually also offers precision that a WYSIWYG option in a GUI interface might not provide. For example, if the goal is to create an element for a web page or a software program that has a precise width and height in pixels, it can be faster and more accurate to input those dimensions directly than to try and draw the element with a mouse.

A Review of lloyd and Craig 2007 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Review of lloyd and Craig 2007 - Essay Example The following review examines Lloyd and Craig's (2007) framework and provides an evaluation of its proposed benefits. Summary of Article According to Lloyd and Craig (2007), taking a patient history is "arguably the most important aspect of patient assessment." Because of the continually expanding role of nurses, the need exists to expand their assessment skills as well. In this article, Lloyd and Craig provide a detailed framework for conducting a patient history assessment. First, Lloyd and Craig believe it is important to prepare the environment so that it is properly equipped, safe, free of distractions, and allows the patient to feel comfortable. Second, nurses must practice effective communication in order to enhance trust and obtain the most accurate information from the patient. Nurses can use both verbal and non-verbal cues to signify interest and empathy for the patient. Finally, consent is essential and nurses must obtain some form of informed consent by the patient or pat ient's surrogates before proceeding with the assessment. Lloyd and Craig then outline the history-taking process and illustrate the importance of maintaining some form of order when asking questions. Questions should begin in an open-ended format in order to generate conversation and obtain a large amount of information. Nurses can then follow up with closed questions to receive more detail about a particular point of concern. Lloyd and Craig draw on the Calgary Cambridge framework for structuring the consultation. This model proposes five stages of history taking, including: (a) explanation and planning; (b) aiding accurate recall and understanding; (c) achieving a shared understanding; (d) planning through shared decision making; and (e) closing the consultation. This model provides a systematic order to guide nurses' assessment-taking. While Lloyd and Craig advocate following an order, these authors also highlight the importance of following the natural flow of conversation. Simp ly reading off a checklist of questions seems mechanical and impersonal, and can prevent the patient from wanting to reveal personal information. Therefore, Lloyd and Craig suggest using their framework as a practical reference, and not a step-by-step operations manual. Lloyd and Craig also provide examples of behaviors to avoid while conducting a patient history assessment. Examples of such behaviors include giving advice, interrupting, using defensive responses, jumping to conclusions, and several more. Improper interview techniques can disrupt communication and trust, and ultimately hinder the nurse's ability to treat the patient. Respect for each patient's individuality and rights as a human being is a critical component of most nursing associations' codes of ethics. Finally, Lloyd and Craig include examples of key points to remember in the history assessment, including family and occupation history, drug and alcohol use, sexual history, and family and social history. These can be difficult questions to ask and patients may not always feel comfortable answering them. Therefore, effective communication and establishing a positive rapport with the patient is vital to the consultation. At the same time, these difficult questions reflect the importance o

Image read( a history of western art) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Image read( a history of western art) - Essay Example The museums that house or exhibit pictures or photos of early Christian churches include the Penn Museum which features Vaults of Heaven: Visions of Byzantium (Penn Museum); the London British Museum and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, to name a few. The second image is similar to the painting of Jan van Eyck, entitled Man in a Red Turban in terms of the image sharing the same serene and serious facial expression and the pose that shows the left side of the face as the prominent side. The hair is also covered by a white cloth (image 2) and with a red turban for the similar image. These images also share similarities in the style of the clothes worn, especially the V-type neckline, except in color. The eyes of the images seem to be glancing at the left portion due to the position of their head. The early Renaissance paintings could be found in the following museums: National Gallery in London; Metropolitan Art Museum in New York; Museum of Fine Arts in Houston; to name a few (Encyclopedia of Art). The image made by Henry Moore entitled Reclining Figure, located at Paris, France shared exact similarities with image 3. This image was noted to have been created using white marble, in contrast to image 3 which could apparently be made from another medium: stone, wood, or bronze. These images share the same curves, with the figure of a person evidently possessing a head at its right side. These sculptures during the dada, surealism, regionalism and abstraction period within which this image was created could also be seen in the following museaums: the New York Art Galleries, the Jewish Museum, and the Whitney Museum, to name a few. These were located using the google search engine for museums with sculptures during the dada, surrealism, regionalism and abstraction

Against Censorship :: essays research papers

Censorship Today I would like to talk about censorship. Censorship is the removal of information from the public. Today censorship is a phase of social control. It is becoming more and more common all over the world today. It reaches as far as political power and public opinion. Often censorship is undertaken by governments. Censorship is closely tied in as a concept with freedom of speech and other forms of human expression. The censorship of opinion for the most part was restricted to the control of speech rather than of printing. The censorship of free speech attempted to control the audience. The purpose of this speech is to give information regarding censorship knowledge. Censorship occurs when expressive materials, like books, magazines, films and videos, or works of art, are removed or kept from the public. Censorship also occurs when materials are restricted to particular audiences, based on their age or other characteristics. A few types of censorship are political, religious, and the the censorship of music, but there are many more. Political censorship occurs when the government conceals secrets from their citizens, while religious censorship is when any material of a certain faith is removed. This often involves a dominant religion forcing limitations on less dominant ones. Many musicians protested against censorship in music and pushed for more freedom of expression. Considerable amounts of music has been banned since the 1950's all the way to the present. One example is that many states in the U.S. decided to make it illegal for selling N.W.A.'s â€Å"Straight Outta Compton† album and the fines for catching anyone would go from $10,00 to $100,00 depending on how many minors were involved. When a society has freedom, citizens can collect and distribute any information they want without any restraints. Another example is that in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, it clearly states that â€Å"Everyone has the following fundamental freedoms: the freedom of thought, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication." which means that this material in any form cannot be altered by the government in any way. Also, citizens have the right to access information in all forms of media to be able to watch, read or listen to whatever they want. The concept of freedom involves protecting the

The Contemporary Issue Of Bullying Education Essay

The modern-day issue I have focused upon in this assignment is Strong-arming. This is a prevailing issue in today ‘s society. I feel this is of great importance particularly with the concerns originating from recent research into the effects of strong-arming. This research indicates that strong-arming can hold societal, physical and psychological effects on pupils every bit good as on their academic success.What is strong-armingBullying is a societal phenomenon that is non easy to specify. It is a behavior that can be either be physical/verbal or direct/indirect. A bully is defined in the dictionary as â€Å" a individual, who hurts, intimidates or persecutes person who is perceived to be different or weaker † . The Government defines strong-arming as ‘Behaviour by an person or group, normally repeated over clip, that deliberately hurts another person or group either physically or emotionally ‘ . Dan Olweus a taking expert in this field has a similar definition to the authoritiess and he asserts that â€Å" A pupil is being bullied or victimized when he or she is exposed, repeatedly and over clip, to negative action on the portion of one or more other pupil ‘ ( Olweus, 1993 p.9 ) The most widely used definition nevertheless is one that is developed by Olweus ( 993 ) and extended by Whitney and Smith ( 1993, p.7 ) : † We say a kid or immature individual is being bullied, or picked on when another kid or immature individual, or a group of kids or immature people, say awful and unpleasant things to him or her. It is besides strong-arming when a kid or a immature individual is hit, kicked, threatened, locked inside a room, sent awful notes, when no- one of all time negotiations to them and things like that. These things can go on often and it is hard for the kid or the immature individual being bullied to support himself or herself. It is besides strong-arming when a kid or immature individual is teased repeatedly in a awful manner. But it is non strong-arming when two kids or immature people of about the same strength have the uneven battle or wrangle † .Different type of strong-armingThe word intimidation is used to depict many diffident types of vi olent or intimidating behavior. Bullying is surely non easy to sort but here are the chief types that have been identified. The first is verbal strong-arming which is the most common intimidation harmonizing to research. Childline reported that 56 per centum of kids that rang about intimidation called about verbal intimidation. This type of strong-arming includes name naming and dish the dirting. Name naming is the most prevailing signifier of strong-arming harmonizing to most surveies. One kid in the Childline research for 2007/08 declared â€Å" I am being bullied at school and experience no 1 likes me. I am ever running to conceal or shout on my ain because I ‘m called names and am pulled at. I feel self-destructive but I wo n't make it † . The 2nd is physical strong-arming which involves the usage of physical force such as striking and forcing. This type of intimidation is considered to be direct because it is deliberately focussed at the victim. In 2007/08 Childline reported that 53 per centum of kids and immature people that called about intimidation reported physical intimidation. It can be identified through physical marks such as bodily harm although physical intimidation does non ever average hurt. Physical intimidation can be a manner of seeking to mortify the victim and show power over them. The 3rd is indirect verbal intimidation and this sort of strong-arming involves hurtful and untruthful remarks behind the victims back. It can include spreading of rumors, letters or notes or even graffitos. The last is Cyber-bullying which is the newest signifier of strong-arming identified and has become a concern in recent old ages. This is a technology-enabled intimidation and involves strong-arming by agencies of confab suites, instant messing, nomadic phones or even electronic mails. Research initiated as a portion of the DCSF cyber-bullying run highlighted that 30 four per centum of 12-15 twelvemonth olds reported being capable to cyber-bullying. Similarly research carried out by Goldsmiths College for the Anti-bullying Alliance found that 20 two per centum of 11-16 twelvemonth olds had fallen victims to cyber-bullying.PrevalenceAssorted surveies have been undertaken on this topic but because of the topics sensitive nature it is difficult to find solid, valid and dependable st atistics. The research being completed nevertheless does foreground the true extent of the intimidation job in the schoolroom scene. Bullying is a modern-day issue with the first national study on this topic being conducted comparatively late. Kidscape ‘s conducted the national study between the old ages of 1984 and 1986 utilizing a sample of 4000 kids ages 5 to 12. The study revealed the extent of the job. The study showed that 68 % of the kids had been bullied at least one time, 39 per centum had been bullied at least twice and 0.5 % of those kids felt it had affected their lives that well that they tried to perpetrate self-destruction. Recent research besides suggests that the job is still outstanding in the school scene. Harmonizing to one recent survey, one-fifth of primary school students and a one-fourth of students in Year 8 perceived intimidation as a ‘big job ‘ in their school. A ulterior study by ChildLine showed that 15 per cent of primary school kids and 12 per cent of secondary school kids said they had bullied in the last twelvemonth ( ChildLine2004 ) . In another survey, 50 per cent of badly bullied male childs said that they bully others, as did 33 per cent of badly bullied misss. Childline the national helpline for kids received between the months of April 2000 to process 2001 about 20,300 calls from kids and immature people concerned about intimidation. Kidscape another helpline believes it receives more that 16,000 calls from parents each twelvemonth concerned about their kids acquiring bullied. Research has besides suggested that Cyber-bullying which is the newest identified signifier of intimidation is going a major job. The figure of Cyber-bullying instances is on the rise ( Noret and Rivers, 2006 ) . A survey by National Centre for Social Research released to co-occur with November 2009 Anti-bullying hebdomad revealed that Cyber-bullying is now one of the commonest signifiers of intimidation in school. The Longitudinal survey tracked 15,000 students who had their fourteenth birthday in 2004. The research besides pointed out that 47 % of 14-year-olds, 41 % of 15-year-olds and 29 % of 16-year-olds reported being bullied. Disabled kids and kids with particular educational demands were besides found to be more likely marks. This coincides with other such research that shows SEN kids or kids with disablements are 2 to 3 times more likely to be bullied ( Smith, 2007 ) The Longitudinal survey besides showed that kids who reported being bullied went on to accomplish on mean 2 GC SE classs lower so kids who were non bullied and were more likely to drop out of instruction at 16. This research is worrying and provides grounds of the damaging effects strong-arming can hold.Effectss of Strong-armingStrong-arming can hold all kinds of effects on kids so it is of import that intimidation is tackled caput on. The DfEE provinces that ‘The emotional hurt caused by strong-arming in whatever signifier – be it racial, or as a consequence of a kid ‘s visual aspect, behavior or particular educational demands, or related to sexual orientation, can prejudice school accomplishment, lead to lateness or hooky, and in utmost instances, terminal with self-destruction. ‘ ( DfEE, 1999: 24-25 ) . Vernon Coaker the schools curate besides asserted at the event for Anti-Bullying Week that â€Å" Bullying, in any signifier, should non be tolerated. It can destruct lives and have a permanent impact on immature people ‘s assurance, self-esteem and emotiona l development. † Research has indicated that strong-arming can non merely consequence academic accomplishment, it has besides been linked with low self-prides, anxiousness, impaired concentration, hooky, depression and self-destructive ideas. Kidscape performed the first of all time study of grownups with the purpose of happening out if intimidation had any permanent effects. The study which was funded by the national lottery and proved that being severely bullied as a kid had knock on affects. 46 % about half of the study population contemplated suicide compared with 7 % of those who were non bullied. Most of the grownups surveyed had small or no aid at the clip of the incidents.Undertaking school intimidationThe Government in recent old ages has emphasised that undertaking the job of intimidation is a chief precedence of theirs. The Government in 1999 said it was a legal duty for all schools to hold an anti intimidation policy in topographic point. Legislation places a responsibility on the caput i nstructor to implement an anti intimidation policy and provinces that schools must promote regard for others and forestall all signifiers of strong-arming among pupils.A Government counsel to boot states that the policy should be reviewed yearly and that every member of the school community ( including kids, immature people, carers and parents ) should be involved in this reappraisal. Each school is in charge of planing their ain policy with the aid from Department for Children, Schools and Families ( DCSF ) . The DCSF aid schools to plan schemes and effectual anti -bullying policy to undertake strong-arming caput on. They do this by supplying really comprehensive counsel paperss and have regional advisors on manus who have expertise in this country to assist implement their counsel. Schools have a legal duty to guarantee steps are in topographic point to turn to intimidation: Head instructors must implement a policy as a preventive step against strong-arming in conformity with the Human Rights Act 1998. The Standards & A ; Frameworks Acts ( 1998 ) states that all schools are required by jurisprudence to hold an anti-bullying policy. Schools have statutory liability sing behaviors of students under the School Standards and Framework Act 1998: ‘the caput teacher shall find steps to be taken with a position to aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ be promoting good behavior and regard for others on the portion of students and, in peculiar, forestalling all signifiers of strong-arming among students ‘ . Article 28 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child provinces that strong-arming policy should be in topographic point in each school and every kid should cognize what to make if they find them self in the state of affairs where they are being bullied. Section 175 of the Education Act 2002 provinces what is required of the regulating organic structures in relation to the well-being of the students in their school: ‘The regulating organic structure of a kept up school shall do agreements for guaranting that their maps associating to the behavior of the school are exercised with a position to safeguarding and advancing the public assistance of kids who are students at the school. ‘ The Education Act 2002 lays down out two purposes for the national course of study, whereby schools must do certain that it ‘provides chances for all students to larn and accomplish ‘ and ‘promotes the religious, moral, cultural, mental and physical development of students at the school and of society, and prepares students at the school for the chances, duties and experiences of ulterior life ‘ . The DfES handbill, Social Inclusion: Pupil Support Circular lineations authorities outlooks and the legal responsibility of caput instructors with respect to strong-arming The National Health School Guidance asserts that it is necessary that schools have ‘a policy and codification of pattern for undertaking intimidation, which is owned, understood and implemented by all members of the school community and includes contact with external support bureaus ‘ . Under the Race Relations ( Amendment ) Act 2000 schools are required to advance race equality. Children ‘s Act ( 2004 ) sets out five results that professionals should work towards. These are to ; Be Healthy ; Stay Safe ; Enjoy and achieve ; Make a positive part and Achieve economic wellbeing. Safe to Learn: implanting anti-bullying work in schools is the new overarching anti-bullying counsel for schools which was introduced in September 2007. The safe to larn counsel includes advice on intimidation. In add-on to this Ofsted ‘s model for inspecting schools provinces that inspectors must measure and give an history on the magnitude and grade of intimidation, racism and other signifiers of torment. They must besides describe on the schools prosperity at covering with strong-arming incidents and expression at the schools dealingss with parents. Schools are non instantly responsible for strong-arming that takes topographic point outside of the educational scene but their anti-bullying policy should do it cognize that stairss are in consequence to react to such incidents. The Government publicised two anti-bullying counsel paperss on 15 April 2009. These paperss gave advice on how to undertake strong-arming outside of the schoolroom scene. Versions of the counsel paperss were besides for local governments, young person workers, college staff, drama workers, conveyance suppliers and kids ‘s places. Despite all of this there is no jurisprudence which states that Scots schools must hold a specific anti-bullying policy. However there have been paperss such as â€Å" Action Against Bullying † distributed to Scottish schools in 1992 that recommend that they should implement a policy. Scots local governments have approved of this recommendation but it is n't truly plenty.Other available aidEqually good as the statute law and counsel paperss there are other avenues of support and counsel. Schools for one can plight their commitment to undertaking intimidation by subscribing up to the Anti-bullying charter whereby there can self-assess their intimidation policy. An anti-bullying hebdomad is besides held every twelvemonth by the Anti-bullying Alliance The anti strong-arming Alliance was established in July 2002 by NSPCC and NCB, it has combined 68 administrations into one association. Their purpose is to cut down intimidation and make a safe environment for which kids can analyze. Anti strong-arming hebdomads purpose is to raise consciousness of intimidation and the issues that surround it. This twelvemonth ‘s Anti-Bullying Week was focused on undertaking cyber-bullying. Sue Steel, National Manager of the Anti-Bullying Alliance, said on the 2009 anti-bullying hebdomad that: â€Å" It is really encouraging that the Government is making so much to do Anti-Bullying Week a existent success. We all need to work in partnership to guarantee kids, immature people and their parents are cognizant of the hazards of cyber intimidation and cognize how to forestall it † There are besides assorted web sites to assist both parents and grownups such as the DirectGovA web site which has plentifulness of advice for immature people concerned about intimidation. Parentline Plus has a helpline for parents, provides support through the Be Someone to Tell web page and a web site for parental advice on covering with intimidation of their kid. A comprehensive list of administrations that provide both aid and support refering intimidation is available in AnnexA I of the overarching Safe to larn counsel.Developing a whole-school attackThe whole school attack is recommended by the DfES and plants by prosecuting affecting the whole school community from students and instructors to staff, carers and parents. This attack works by affecting everyone and making a model that endorses shared beliefs and values that help to antagonize and cut down strong-arming efficaciously. The model sets out stairss to rede and pull off incidents of intimidation. The DfES recommends es tablishing this whole-school policy in four stages: consciousness and audience, execution, monitoring and rating. The policy should take to: Ensure that the whole school community understands strong-arming and what is meant by strong-arming. Make it apprehensible that strong-arming will non be accepted inside or outside of the school scene. Create an effectual system to cover with strong-arming incidents that enables kids to easy describe strong-arming happenings. Ensure that all incidents reported are investigated earnestly and the steps in topographic point are acted upon in response. That clearly defined processs are in topographic point. Supply a systematic method of entering incidents that take topographic point this in bend can assist in measuring and reexamining policy. Have a equal support programme in topographic point. Continually reappraisal processs and policy and maintain the whole school community informed of any alterations or revamps.Anti-bullying Policy Case StudyIn my little instance survey I looked at 3 anti-bullying policy ‘s for schools in the Surrey country. I would foremost wish to observe that out of the 5 web sites I viewed, two did non hold any anti-bullying policy online. Anti- intimidation policy should be readily available for the school community and should be on-line for easy entree for the whole school community. I will turn to the schools as A, B and C. School A had a really comprehensive Anti-bullying scheme in topographic point utilizing the whole school attack. It clearly defined anti-bullying process in topographic point for kids staff and parents utilizing headers such as ‘guidance for kids ‘ . The Policy included an effectives system clearly saying each phase of process and utilizing the no blasted attack. School A besides asserted that all incidents would be recorded and used in farther instances if needed. The usage of a equal support scheme was besides in topographic point which seems to add to the policies effectiveness as these systems have been found to be effectual in cut downing the negative effects of strong-arming for victims. This policy was said to hold been reviewed in 2009 and was to be reviewed on a regular footing which once more seemed first-class pattern. School A ‘s policy was seemed precise and effectual utilizing the whole school community and in making so advancing a shared set of values and beliefs. The fact it is reviewed on a regular footing makes certainly the policy is fresh and effectual. This school besides had regular newssheets with any new updates on anti-bullying schemes or alterations in policy these were in bend clearly published online. School B ‘s policy had a clear precise definition of strong-arming but nevertheless it was non every bit comprehensive as School A. The policy did demo the process in topographic point and stated the support in topographic point for kids ; it nevertheless was aimed at staff and parents merely and did non affect the whole school community. The policy had clearly non been reviewed in some clip as it was dated May 2005 which is about 5 old ages ago and seemed outdated and forgotten. School C ‘s policy was merely shocking ; it consisted of a paragraph about the definition of intimidation and a list of behavior codifications. It did advance a shared value on the expected codifications of behavior but no set clear procedure in topographic point for covering of strong-arming for staff, kids or parents.Is the authorities ‘s scheme working?There is non much in the manner of research into this field and whether anti- intimidation policy is effectual or non. Bullying has decre ased somewhat since the old twelvemonth which could be a contemplation of the alteration in authorities policy and publicity of equal support but truly it is non a lessening in incidents. I conducted a little graduated table study of 8 learning helpers and instructors in schools around the UK to happen out whether they felt the authorities were making plenty in relation to intimidation.†U.KA authorities is making plenty for schools inA relation to strong-arming † A How make you experience about this statement?A Strongly AgreeA A 0A A 0 % A A AgreeA A 1A A 8 % A A NeutralA A 2A 17 % A A DisagreeA A 5A 42 % A A Strongly DisagreeA A 0A A 0 % A The consequences show that 42 % disagreed with the statement that the authorities was making plenty in relation to intimidation, 17 % were impersonal and 8 % agreed. This study merely indicates that people within the school context experience more can be done to halt intimidation. One participant even stated ‘There are anti strong-arming plans in topographic point at schools but the kids frequently do non come frontward. The Government could work with the schools to do it easier for kids to come frontward. ‘ Bullying UK ‘S CEO, John Carnell was reported stating â€Å" These figures are scandalous and show that the authorities and schools are merely non acquiring to grips with this job. Strong-arming UK was founded 10 old ages ago and the jobs we are seeing now are the same 1s we saw 10 old ages ago. Day in, twenty-four hours out, twelvemonth in, twelvemonth out, we are having precisely the same ailments from despairing parents and kids and it ‘s a dirt that there is no authorities support for the critical work we do which we know saves self-destructive kids ‘s lives. † In the Childline instance notes one counselor asserts â€Å" I do n't believe things have changed, † and â€Å" when you ask the kids whether there are anti-bullying policies the kids say yes, but it still makes you powerless. The frustrating thing is that we still receive so many calls about intimidation †What can schools make to undertake intimidation?Research has proven that the whole school attack is the most effectual scheme and recommended by the DfES. The whole school community should be involved in inventing and implementing an anti-bullying policy. It requires everyone to keep and recommend the criterions in the policy and act quickly when incidents occur. This attack promotes shared values and beliefs and enables a clear apprehension of the acceptable criterions of behavior. In Wales, Lambert, Scourfield, Smalley and Jones ( in imperativeness ) found a important association between lower degrees of intimidation, and students describing that the school had clea r regulations on intimidation. The jurisprudence does province that behavior policy should be publicised to the school community one time a twelvemonth although truly it should be communicated a batch more so this to review heads. Research has indicated that merely holding an anti-bullying policy entirely is non plenty. In order for a policy to be effectual it needs to be expeditiously implemented, reviewed and evaluated invariably. As for case one survey found that school-wide policies decline in effectivity over a 2-3 twelvemonth period, after which clip intimidation additions ( Sharp et al, 2002 ) . Smith states â€Å" Bullying is an on-going job, so a ‘one-off ‘ attempt over a term or a twelvemonth without continuance will hold small or no permanent impact † ( Smith, 2004, p101 ) . Strong-arming policy should be reviewed on a regular basis and the whole school community should be involved in and notified of alterations. Children should hold a say in the policy as suggested by the DCSF. There are guidance paperss such as the Anti-Bullying Alliance resource Are you speaking to me? : Young People ‘s Engagement in Anti-Bullying. It is of import to prosecute kids and integrate their thoughts in the anti-bullying policy leting them to be an active portion of school life. There are a scope of suggested schoolroom activities to promote students to discourse anti-bullying policy. The Government has late made PSHE lessons compulsory and these are a perfect platform for discoursing intimidation and anti-bullying policy. The demand is to hold a comprehensive anti-bullying policy and schemes in topographic point. Not every school has a policy that is comprehensive and covers the extended intimidation types. For illustration, Adams, Cox & A ; Dunstan ( 2004 ) reported that out of 19 schools surveyed in the UK none of them specifically mentioned sexual orientation in the anti-bullying policies.What can the authorities do to undertake intimidation?There are a scope of things the authorities can still make to undertake intimidation. A statuary responsibility should be made on schools and instruction governments in Scotland to hold anti-bullying policy in topographic point. Scots Schools are non lawfully obliged to hold any policy or scheme in topographic point to antagonize strong-arming. Wales should besides hold regional advisers like England to rede schools about the effectual schemes against strong-arming including best pattern and how to make all an effectual anti-bullying policy. The authorities sho uld besides happen a manner of measuring anti-bullying policy in each school as holding this policy in topographic point does non intend it is being implemented decently or carried out in the School context. Finally consciousness should be raised on the newest signifiers of strong-arming such as cyber-bullying this should besides be reflected in relevant policy. PSHE lessons can assist raise this consciousness and I feel strong-arming should go a mandatory subject leting the school to discourse non merely strong-arming in general but their ain anti-bullying policy and pattern.DecisionAfter analyzing the research, articles, statistics and other information it does go evident intimidation has of all time so somewhat demised in the last few old ages but non truly plenty. This tells me that the authorities enterprises and policies have had a little consequence in cut downing intimidation. The large job with the anti-bullying policy is that each school has to invent the policy and implement it, which means the policy ‘s effectivity can run dramatically between each school. If the authorities is to win at checking down on strong-arming significantly I feel it is necessary to make the res earch and implement the same effectual policy in each school. It may be utile for the Government to analyze taking states in the battle against strong-arming. The authorities besides needs to listen to the people that this job effects and happen out their positions on the policy that stands.

Gossip Girl A American Dream Through Its Key Theme Of...

Gossip Girl also promotes a lavish American Dream through its key theme of class aspiration and social mobility. People’s understanding of class stems from how the media portrays the different classes. Many TV shows distort perceptions of class by not accurately representing the middle class. Shows such as Modern Family are intended to represent a blended, complicated, middle class family. However, the struggles of that modern family, are never monetary, which is not accurate to the middle class. As Juliet Schor explains television’s constant and inaccurate depictions of wealth, â€Å"inflate the viewer s perceptions of what others have, and by extension what is worth acquiring-what one must have in order to avoid being out of it.†(Schor). Furthermore, Gregory Mantsios argues, that rarely, if ever, do TV shows acknowledge the working class or lower class. In fact, the show The Working Class (2011) was cancelled after only one season because of bad ratings. Gossip Girl is also guilty of misrepresenting class, however they do this by making the upper-middle class seem like the lower class. As Chuck Bass says in episode 104, â€Å"Everyone out there wants to be us. We are what you aspire to†. The show primarily idealizes a privileged lifestyle by bashing on the lower class. This can again be seen in the treatment of Dan and Jenny. The show encourages its audience to view Dan and Jenny Humphrey as average, put-upon, middle-class teens. The other characters continually define Dan andShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesdifferent intellectual traditions that contribute to our understanding of organizations. Professor Tomas Mà ¼llern, Jà ¶nkà ¶ping International Business School, Sweden . McAuley, Duberley and Johnson’s Organizational Theory takes you on a joyful ride through the developments of one of the great enigmas of our time – How should we understand the organization? Jan Ole Similà ¤, Assistant Professor, Nord-Trà ¸ndelag University College, Norway I really enjoyed this new text and I am sure my students will enjoyRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesManagement Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology 14 †¢ Social Psychology 14 †¢ Sociology 14 †¢ Anthropology 14 There Are Few Absolutes in OB 14 Challenges and Opportunities for OB 15 Responding to Economic Pressures 15 †¢ Responding to Globalization 16 â⠂¬ ¢ Managing Workforce Diversity 18 †¢ Improving Customer ServiceRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John WileyRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and postt ests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY