George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 Essay -- essays research pa

The terrors of a totalitarian government presented in George Orwells 1984 apply not only to the Party, precisely also to the Stalinist Russia of the 1930s. Frightening similarities exist between these two bodies which both started out as forms of government, and then mutated into life-controlling political organizations which subordinated all institutions and classes under one supreme power (Buckler 924). Orwell shows how such a system can impose its will on the people through manipulation of media, constant supervision as aid by technology, and the threat of pain, both physical and mental. Orwell also shows how the state has more subtle methods for imposing its authority, such as the manipulation of language and propaganda as they ar used to achieve the goal of absolute power for the system. A key parallel between the Party and Stalins Communism is the use of technology and dialogue to control the economic, social, and personal aspects of life.     Stalin a nd Big Brother achieved total control, not only of social and economic aspects of the state, but also of their peoples personal lives. They did this origin and foremost by constantly observing the people. both Stalin & "The Party" believed in total control over their "party members". The objectives of the Spies, the Ministry of Truth, Thought Police, and the telescreens in Oceania atomic number 18 mirrored in Stalins Russia by the actions of the KGB, and all the technologies they used to monitor people. Another way was by altering all forms of media. The Ministry of Truth worked to change the knightly in all forms of media, making Big Brother appear to have always been right. Stalin had books rewritten, histories revamped, and paintings altered to feature his presence. Although unlimited control could not be achieved in 1930s Russia, Orwell gives Big Brother this power to demonstrate how, if ever attained, it would lead to the complete destruction of individual freedom. Tangible similarities between the two leaders, Stalin and Big Brother, ar also daunting. Joseph Stalin could easily fit the description of Big Brother in the novel. Stalin had his 5-year plan for the economy, just as references were made to the 3-year plans in 1984. The Party rejects and vilifies every convention for which the Socialist movement ever stood, and it chooses to do this in the nam... ... in two forms, mental and physical. "The only antidote to mental suffering is physical pain" (Marx). Both Stalin and Big Brother drew greatly from Marx. Adhering to this policy of physical pain to fix mental problems, torture was used in both societies. Every gay has a breaking point, and fear, hate, and pain are more motivating than love, happiness, and privacy. Anti-capitalism Renowned internationally as a forthright speaker against Stalin, Orwell was, however, an ardent Socialist and was shrill to distance himself from Russian totalitarianism. His Socialist beli efs, coupled with his experience in the Spanish Civil War as a member of the revolutionary militia, led him to stimulate the threat of fascist, or at least autocratic, rule.No other book has been known to inspire people with such a love of liberty and hate of tyranny. The individual has a basic desire to be free from restraint and control, and Orwell recognized this. 1984 is an expression of Orwells irritation at many of the facets of English Socialism, as well as Russian Communism. It is also a reflection of his own ideas about the nature of political corruption and, to be specific, Stalinist Russia.

the best of enemies :: essays research papers

THE MEMPHIS BUGLEMemphis, TN NEWSSTAND, $0.60May 7, 1991 Larar&Co Publishing Home Delivery $0.31 Girl kidnapped by super spys thugsBy Brendan LararBess Marvin, a good friend of popular detective Nancy Drew was kidnapped Thursday by the thugs of German super spy known as Klaus. She was reportedly kid- napped when Klaus found out that Nancy and her good friends (the Hardy Brothers) knew too much information about her new wooing. Klaus took Bass hostage and warned Nancy and the Hardys to drop what they were doing on her case or their friend would be put to death. Startled Nancy and the Hardys solved the case and got their friend Bess Marvin back safely. Fire breaks out at famous tourist likingby Brendan Larar A fire broke out Wednesday at Left-Hand Louies. Its a restaurant that attracts many tourists. This tourist attraction is known for its butterfingered guitar played and signed by Elvis Presley. Authorities still dont know what started the fire but believe it was started wi th a greasy dumpster in the back of the building. Authori-ties found a brass tube at the scene of the blaze. Policeare still investigating. EditorialBy Brendan LararShould clotheshorse Davis be accuse of stealing Louie Pardees famous guitar?I, the editor, think that Beau Davis should be arrested for stealing Louie Pardees famous guitar. He came to Memphis to try to start a career in music, found a liking to Louies guitar, and had to steal it. He put offers to buy the guitar and had to be the one to steal it. dearly Editor,I think that Beau Davis did not steal the guitar. He is innocent. Although everything in your article is true there really is no evidence that he stole the guitar. Beau Davis is just a good guy that came into town with the like for the Memphis blues-James DurrganADVICEDear Nancy,Louie Pardee thinks I stole his guitar. But I know I didnt. He hasthe cops with him too. Dear Beau, The best thing you can do is wait. If you really didnt steal it the the cops will figure out who did. Good luck Nancy DrewClassifiedGuitar gravy holder Beautifulguitar for sale by Louie PardeeNice boat with 4 speed engineplayed by Elvis Cheap pricecall Hank Pritchitt at$800.00123-4567Help WantedWaiter Wanted Need bellboy. Full time and part time.

Is A Doll’s House a suitable title for the play? Essay -- English Lite

Is A Dolls set up a suitable title for the lookIs A Dolls House a suitable title for the play? Refer to act one,and the oral communication of the characters.Ibsens use of language creates a suitable title A Dolls House.This title represents and relates to the whole play. A Dolls Houserelates to power, it represents a skirt macrocosm played with and owned.This doll is controlled its every move is depicted. The title issignificant to society and entrapment within the house.Ibsen represents Nora as a doll. Nora therefore reacts in the same wayas a doll, trapped in a house. Helmer has power over Nora and treatsher as a doll, his doll. A dolls house can look erect and perfectlyinnocent on the outside, but how about the inside? During this play weacknowledge the truth lowneath the prettiness of A Dolls House.The significance in the title is crucial to understanding therelationship between Nora and Torvald. Deception is seen right awaywith the macaroons. Their dialogue is not that of the one of an equalcouple. empowerment is depicted in this scene and we find that there isalmost a sense that Torvald owns Nora. Her significance was to bearchildren and be pretty. Nora accepts this and has thrived under thisDoll House under the protection of her husband.During act one Ibsen creates a happy and normal atmosphere, within atraditional 19 century nuclear family. Ibsens use of language createsthese different characters. For example, during the first act Noraappears to be money hungry. One, twooh thank you Torvald. All Norathinks about is money she is very childish and manipulative. Like adoll she does not take into consideration the real aspects of life. Achild plays joyfully w... ...eir roles within the family. Their distinctivelanguage reflects their character traits Helmer being head of thehouse and Nora being a mother and wife. Ibsen creates the significanceof a dolls house to Noras and Helmers relationship. AlthoughHelmer has power, Nora slightly does in a way. She saved her husbandslife by borrowing money. This shows bravery in Nora, as during the 19thcentury it was forbidden for a female to borrow or even ready to earnmoney. This may be suggesting that she wants to break free from herdolls role, knowing she is destined for so much more.By reading and looking at act one I can say that A Dolls House isdefinitely a suitable title for the play. The title says it solely Norais the doll, Torvalds doll, everything in her little dolls houseis perfect, but she has no idea what is going on in the world outside.

Essay example --

Chile is a very dynamic country with numerous interesting features that have shaped their aviation industry to be one of the most unique in the world. Apart from having a very unique shape, it besides has many land features that set it apart from other countries. These features have affected the international aviation industry in Chile and made it very distinctive.in the beginning the arrival of Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century, Chile was home to the Inca tribe in the north and the Mapuche ruled central and s discoverhern Chile. all overtime the Spanish began to canvass over and drive out the native people. The Spanish ruled Chile until they were driven out in the War of The Pacific in the early 1800s. Over the next few centuries Chiles governance was very unstable, changing rulers and governments every few decades. Things began to settle down starting in 1990 when Chile inaugurated a freely elect president. With this new government system Chile saw steady econo mic growth, the poverty rate was cut in half, and it began to establish itself as a stable, antiauthoritarian nation. In January 2014, Chile acquired a non-permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council for the 2014-2015 term (Central Intelligence Agency, 2014).The Chilean economy is market oriented meaning that it has a lot of foreign trade and has also established itself as a home for strong financial institutions earning it the strongest sovereign bond rating in southward America (Central Intelligence Agency, 2014). Exporting goods and natural resources accounts for approximately one third of Chiles Gross Domestic Product and copper provides 19 share of the governments revenue, making it the worlds leading producer of copper (Heritage Foundation, 2014). Chiles other export... ...tion, 2013).Another issue that Chile has to character is the possibility of volcanic eruptions and subsequent ash clouds. If a major eruption occurs in Chile it could greatly affect the air travel in and out of Chile for a long time. The last major eruption occurred in 2011 and not only grounded flights in Chile but also Australia and New Zealand as the ash cloud was blown a great distance (Williams, 2011).Chile has a very strong and stable aviation industry today. Since the government stabilised and remained consistent over the past years the focus of the government was clearly on enhancing the aviation industry in Chile. From airline giants like LAN to rough of the most treacherous, mountainous regions in the world, it is amazing that the aviation industry has been able to thrive as much as it has. Chile truly has one of the topper aviation industries in the world.

The Merchant of Venice :: Free Merchant of Venice Essays

The Merchant of Venice by WIlliam Shakespeare. The Merchant of Venice is a bestow about revenge, justice, deseption and friendship. The story is about, loan shark a wealth Jew, lending one of his enemies, Antonoi, three thousand ducats. Although Antonio is a rich merchant all his resources are in his ships, trading too far countries, but because he wants to help out his friend, Bassanio, he has no choice but to ask Shylock for a loan , not to know it could bequeath to his death. In this play there is a big difference between the Christian charaters and Shylock, the main difference being Shylock seems to be more interested in his money and business rather than human relationships, which the Christian charaters seem to b e more interested in. However, in one part of the play Shylock seems to be hurt at the fact his daughter has sold a ring, which his deceases wife gave him, for a monkey.(Act 3 Scene 1 ) It was my turquoise, I h ad it glowering Leah when i was a bachelor. I Would not have given it for a Wilderness of monkeys. This acquaints a side to Shylock that we have never seen. It shows the love he had and still has for his deceased wife Leah. Shylock shows how hurt and betrayed he feels that his daughter has sold his ring by saying that he wouldnt had given it away for a wilderness of monkeys . Another theme in the play that Shylock brings out is predjudice. He judges people before he gives them a chance to show what they are really like. He has different veiws on different characters depanding on who they are.( Act 1 Scene 3 ) I hat him for he is a ChristianThis shows how he feels against antonio , a Christian whom he has never met and it shows how prejudice he can be. In one part of the play Shylock shows a side to him we have never seen before. Instead if seeing him as the man who is greedy and

The Merchant of Venice :: Free Merchant of Venice Essays

The Merchant of Venice by WIlliam Shakespe atomic number 18. The Merchant of Venice is a play about revenge, justice, deseption and friendship. The story is about, usurer a wealth Jew, lending one of his enemies, Antonoi, three thousand ducats. Although Antonio is a rich merchant all his resources are in his ships, trading too distant countries, only when because he wants to help out his friend, Bassanio, he has no choice but to ask Shylock for a loan , not to know it could lead to his death. In this play there is a big difference between the Christian charaters and Shylock, the main difference being Shylock seems to be more interested in his money and business rather than human relationships, which the Christian charaters seem to b e more interested in. However, in one part of the play Shylock seems to be hurt at the fact his daughter has sold a ring, which his deceases wife gave him, for a monkey.(Act 3 Scene 1 ) It was my tur quoise, I had it off Leah when i was a bachelor. I Would not have given it for a Wilderness of monkeys. This shows a side to Shylock that we have never seen. It shows the love he had and in time has for his deceased wife Leah. Shylock shows how hurt and betrayed he feels that his daughter has sold his ring by saying that he wouldnt had given it away for a wild of monkeys . Another theme in the play that Shylock brings out is predjudice. He judges people before he gives them a chance to show what they are really like. He has different veiws on different characters depanding on who they are.( Act 1 Scene 3 ) I hat him for he is a ChristianThis shows how he feels against antonio , a Christian whom he has never met and it shows how prejudice he can be. In one part of the play Shylock shows a side to him we have never seen before. Instead if seeing him as the man who is greedy and

Book Review on Sanchar Mimamsa

Book Sanchar Mimamsa Author Nirmala Mani Adhikary Publication Media Educators Association of Nepal Pages 33 Date of publication 2068(2011 AD) Sanchar Mimamsa composed by Nirmala Mani Adhikary puts forth communion Studies and execute from the perspectives of vaidika Hindu amid western theories and models of communication. The book brings to light,Sadharanikaran possible action and model as per propounded by Adhikary himself. It is quite unique and interesting, reading theories in verses. The theory and model commence been described in Jhyaure laya.We all know, communication was an indispensible practice since we came into an existence. Though unfortunately and fortunately, it was twentieth century, a communication study was accounted as a discipline. Communication studies though, ar rooted back to ages back, according to the Vedic Hindu perspective. Sadharanikaran is rooted back to 4th BC. The theory was illumined once again after J. S Yadava and I. P Tiwari brought Sadharanikara n into public eye around 1980s. Adhikary, who continued his research on the theory, came up with a model in 2003. Sanchar Mimamsa is all about Sadharanikaran and its elements and goal of attaining sahridayata, ultimate goal on Sadharanikaran process. Sadharanikaran as a process is an asymmetrical process, where s removeers and receivers become sahridayas, directed to attain sahridayata, thus establishing mutual understanding between them. Sahridayata as a concept is a present of common orientation, commonality or oneness where senders and receivers ultimate goal is to make Sadharanikaran process successful or to become one in communication process.Sanchar Mimamsa is class into 3 parts while verses are divided into 5 parts. First one puts forth the possibility of getting problem solved. Through communications, not just human, also animals and other creatures involve in communication in pursuance of vitality and peace. Second part affirms the significance of theories and model i n communication studies. Unfortunately, the humanss walking on merely western theories and models instead of executing ones self culturally relative studies. Nevertheless, after the initiation of bracing scholar, Tiwari and Yadava,Sadharanikaran came into limelight. It has its root in Natyashastra by Bhartrihari and is identified with Bhattanayaka. Elements of Sadharanikaran process are sahridayas(senders and receivers), Bhava(moods), Abhivyanjana( expression or encoding),sandesha(message or information), Sarani(channel), rasaswadan (deals with achieving the rasa), doshas(noises), sandarva(context) and finally pratikriya( process of feedback). Sahridayata is ultimate goal of the unit of measurement process of Sadharanikaran, in which sender and receiver become one, and where feedback is no more necessary.The communication models in the west usually weigh on sender while, Sadharanikaran process puts an end to differences between senders and receivers, ultimately they become one. S adharanikaran process is different to other or wests models in terms of structure. It is a non linear model where mutual understanding is possible. It is a broad notion that is able to deal with all three dimensions of life adhibhautika(physical), adhidaibhika(Mental) and adhyatmika(spiritual). Moreover The model also apprehends communication competent plenty to achieve all of the purushartha chatustayas i. artha, kama, dharma and moksha. Final and fifth part sets forth, the solution to the conflict ongoing in the world via attaining sahridayata. Thus Adhikary argues sadharanikaran process can be a solution to put an end to disastrous conflict ongoing among the countries. It also has envisioned sanchar vidha, communication sector, as a mean for attaining Moksha, the final goal of life according to Hindu perspective. Verses are followed by second and third part of the book in which Sadharanikaran theory and model are described and summarized.The book is discrete as it narrates whole theory and model in verses but the success of the book lies on rasaswadana of the sandesha encompassed in the book. Not only the Sadharanikaran theory but whole communication field is described from Hindu point of view, a significant step in communication studies in the world, other than westernized studies. On the other hand, the uniqueness of the book i. e. verses have also limited itself to a certain audience, those who are keenly interested in traditional verses.But the second and third part exempts audiences from this limit and even language barrier has been considered. Descriptions are available in both Nepali and English. Though Sadharanikaran theory and model is new in studies the process isnt new to us. If we can embody the process in our daily activities, ultimately we become able to manage conflicts and attaining moksha is also possible. This is how the book Sanchar Mimamsa has represented the beauty of Sadharanikaran theory and model in simpler and few words.

Fordism: Spawning New Management Styles

admittance. In this essay the focus is on total heat cover and Fordism. The first paragraph of the essay is an introduction of Fredrick W Taylor, and how Fordism is derived from the ideas of Taylorism. It overly looks at the main ideas behind Fordism and scientific instruction. Further in the essay the importance is to look at the different ideas of Fordism (the hatful- drudgery, the $5 day, the division of labour and caution style), and on why it was important at is time and the effect following from those ideas.The essay has two different paragraphs discussing the positive and the electro cast out effects of Fordism on management and organisations, and establishers and society. In the end of the essay there is some paragraphs close to the new forms of management developed after Fordism, and the management styles discussed in this paragraphs are about Neo-Fordism and Post-Fordism. In the earliest 20th century the ideas of scientific management was created by Frederick W. T aylor, and these new ideas of management style had a big impact on the economy at that time, and for many a(prenominal) decades following.In this new form of management, the word efficiency became a central part of the manufacturing process. Some of the strongest characteristics of Taylorism are the division of labour, the structure of control over task public presentation and the implicit minimum interaction employment relationship. (Craig R Littler 1978) The new role of management was now to scientific all toldy analyse the task that was performed in the manufacture, and then to design the jobs to eliminate all unnecessary time and motion waste.Fordism is derived from Taylorism, and in which Fordism added some new ideas to scientific management, like the assembly line. (RMIT University2012)Fordism is a term that is employ to describe mass-yield using an assembly line technology to make it possible for a better division of labour and time, with motion management techniques. (RM IT University 2012). It has derived from Henry Ford (1863-1947) a railway gondola manufacturer which was perceived as the inventor of mass-production, by installing specialized machines, the flow line of assembly run for and using the ideas of Taylorism (Frederick W.Taylor) in his car-manufacture, which guide to Henry Ford producing millions of identical cars at a lower production cost which made the cars more afford commensurate. (Ray Batchelor 1994 Palgrave Macmillan 2012) The ideas of Taylorism that Henry Ford took into his car manufacturing were the ideas of maximize job fragmentation, minimizing of skill requirements, a minimization of handling comp anent parts and visible, separate indirect and direct labour and separate planning and doing. RMIT University2012) Fordism was important in its time, and some of the new ideas of Fordism played an significant role in change in the production, economy, and the relationship between the managers and workers. One of the main ideas of Fordism was mass-production, which made it possible to put up products at a lower cost, through spreading the fixed costs out on a large amount of outputs, and the cars could therefore be interchange cheaper. Fred Thomsen 2007) Ford managed to produce practical cars which was within the reach of the average American person. (Robert J Antonio, Alessandro Bonanno 2000) One of Henry Fords main contri merelying to mass production was the standardization, and this had to be done at perfection, so he had to exploit in machinery tools which made is possible to use the assembly line, so every workers only had to perform one simple task. Fred Thompson 2007) At Fords manufacturings they made almost all they needful from the unprocessed material, because he had a pile of knowledge about mass production techniques, and could therefore keep the line of work economic sustainable by doing all of the parts of the production in hes profess manufacture with his own workforce( even though i t required more workers, which needed a lot of management to keep control over), but he likewise vertically integrated because Ford had a scepticism about accounting and finance, but if he did it himself he would father more control, and could easier direct the flow of raw material. Fred Thompson 2007) But whit the mass production, it was also a small differentiation in the products, in Fords case the cars, and one example for that was Henry Ford once saying you can have the car in what ever colour you like, as long as its black. Fordism led the translation from an agriculture to an economy growing because of mass production and mass consumption. Fred Thompson 2007)The mass production and mass consumption led to an economic growth and widespread material advancement (Fred Thomsen 2007 Robert Boyer 2010) One of the main principle of Fordism was the $5 day, which was double the normal pay and working less hours for those who were qualified, so the workers would stay loyal and work efficient, but also so his own workers would be able to afford the car he was producing, and the demand for Ford cars would increase.But for the workers to be qualified they had to have a fitting life-stile, like absence from alcohol (RMIT University 2012) But the $5 day was criticised, from example the socialist daily news people, saying is was a scheme to make it tight for the competitors, but in the general public the $5 days was perceived as a risky move, but also bold, democratic and magnanimous. (Ray Batchelor 1994) It have also been said that Fordism and it blueer wages led to productivity growth, economic growth but also an inflation growth. Mark Goodwin, Joe Painter1996) The higher wages was also created so the efficient and good workers still wanted to work in the Ford manufacturing with the new type of management. In Fordism it was a managerial hierarchy (top-bottom), technical controls and unbending time-limits, and every task was separated into their simplest const ituent elements, making the work routinized. (Robert J Antonio, Alessandro Bonanno, 2000 RMIT University 2012) But the work task of speeding it all up and making every work task easy led to a deskilling of the workers, and have been criticised on humanistic grounds. RMIT Universit 2012 F. Xu, T. Rickards 2007) With the deskilling of the workers the managers perceived the workers as stupid, and therefore all the decision making was taken away from them, and they were treated like replaceable parts of the machinery. (F. Xu, T. Rickards 2007) Fords business got the affect of the cooperation costs, because with the deskilling of workers, and wanting to have control over the quantity and quality over the workers performance, they needed to hire management to conduct those jobs, which were extra expenses. RMIT University 2012) And with the workers constantly being controlled and supervised, the relationship between the managers and the workers became tense and the workers lost commitment to Fords manufacture, because they were frustrated and dissatisfy, but this led to management having to control the workers even more. (RMIT University 2012) It is important to highlight that there were positive affects from Fordism on the society and worker, and on management and organisation. For rganisations Henry Ford showed that products could be produced a lot more efficient by using machinery and technology, which led to a lower fixed production cost and firms could therefore make a bigger cyberspace and get a bigger market share (Fred Thompson 2007) Ford kept continuous to improve the production on the car manufacturing process, as with for example the car T-model, where he had studied the shortest task cycle of the T-model assembly line, which reduced human effort that led to increased productivity level while reducing the production costs. Greg Grandin 2009) Henry Ford needed a lot of management staff in his business to achieve control over the workers and because he was running the business vertically integrated he needed more managing staff, which meant a higher form of bureaucratization, which set the steps for modern corporations, and in some cases even for local anesthetic government. (Mark Goodwin and Joe Painter 1996) In the view of the society and workers Fordism gave them some positive contributions.As mentioned Henry Ford doubled the pay, the $5 day, and he reduced the working day slash to eight hours, and he reduced the working week down to five days for the workers that was qualified and lived by a good lifestyle. (RMIT University 2012) This started a cycle of high real income which led to the mass consumption , and increased the demand for goods, as well as the car Henry Ford him self were producing. (RMIT University 2012) Also with let his workers work less hours per week, they had extra time on hand which led to the start of a new industry which were focused on leisure.Fordism also had negative effects on management and organisation , and workers and society. After Fordism had lasted for a while in The USA, were Fordism originated from, the production growth and economic growth started to decline in the 1960s for divers(a) factors, but one of the main reasons were that the durable requirer goods and process technologies had entered the maturity phase of the life-cycle and they were not able to find any new mass markets which led to stagnancy in growth and decline in jobs. (annemieke J.M. Roobeek 1987) Since one of the main concepts of Fordism was mass-production, it led to a major crisis because of the constrains of productivity slow down. (Robert Boyer 2010) As for the workers under Fordism they had to perform heavily workloads on rotation of relatively un virtuoso(prenominal), repetitive tasks and with a assembly line that was speeded up as fast as it could contributed to a highly stressful work environment. (S. Edgell 2006) The new work tasks for the workers also led to a deskilling of the workers. RMIT U niversity 2012) The deskilling of workers was highly criticized, even by Frederick W Taylor, saying that Fords assembly line workers assembled gorillas. (Fred Thompson 2007) Fordism had some positive and negative aspects on management, but after Fordism hit the crisis of production slowdown in the 1960s it was clear that some changes had to be done, and the Hawthorn experiment that were conducted in the mid-twenties showed cleared in the experiment that one of the main issues were tha workers also had physiological and social needs in the work place, which should be included in a new form of management style. RMIT University 2012 Robert Boyer 2010) The first alternative developed was Neo-Fordism, which were later followed by Post-Fordism. (RMIT University 2012) Neo-Fordism was build up on modifications on Fordism, rather than abandon all the original ideas of Fordism. Some of the areas of Fordism that was modified were on the simplification and fragmentation of work, the control ov er the workers time limits working via the assembly line, and there were no longer a standardization of products and parts via single purpose machines. S. Edgell 2006) In Neo-Fordism the working practice were flexible to fit the contemporary operations work . (RMIT University 2012) One of the first car manufacturers that modified the ideas of Fordism into Neo-Fordism was the Swedish car company Volvo, which included a greater job rotation for the workers, with extended work tasks, as responsibility for the quality, which gave the workers job amplification and they got to cooperate together as a work team. S. Edgell 2006) In the Volvo car manufacture the process of destandardization of the products and parts was achieved because of their flexible carrier system, which made it possible for the work rotation, team work, but the work stations were still divided into different station as in Fordism and Taylorism and they still used the time limits.Volvos attempt to re-organise their pro duction was successful at many areas, the workers working conditions got better which led to a better job satisfaction among them, and the quality of work increased and they still managed to have the same times on their assembly lines. (S. Edgell 2006) Post-Fordism, also know as after Fordism was a new type of management that did not build on Fordism, but who broke with the main concepts of it, and focused on flexible specialisation instead. (S. Edgell 2006) The perspective of Post-Fordism was to focus on the need of flexibility, with innovation being of importance. John Mathews 1989) In Fordism the focus were on mass production, via special purpose machines and assembly line to get the mass production of standardized products, which also led to the deskilling of workers, Post-Fordism on the other hand is focused on flexibility and the skills of the workers to make high-quality customized products. (S. Edgell 2006) Post-Fordism is different from the competing Neo-Fordism because it is based on the skill inputs of the workers and the workers high level of responsibility, whereas in Neo-Fordism the focus is one upward(a) the recognition and social cohesion of the work while using the ideas of Fordism. John Mathews 1989 RMIT University 2012) Post-Fordism have put the focus on the skilled worker, but the danger that comes with that is the nemesis of dualization, with a big class different between a skilled worker and the mass of unskilled workers. (John Mathews 1989) In Post-Fordism the focus is on the skilled workers, and skilled workers can use computer technology to adjust production in responds to demand quickly, and will therefore avoid some of the main problems of Fordism. To Be able to succeed in a competitive and ever-changing environment, flexibility is one character of main importance. S Edgell 2006) Conclusion The history of Fordism shows us a management style that worked on some areas and failed in others. The production became more efficient, which made it more profitable for the owners, which also led to lower priced products and the introduction of the $5 wages. Fordism brought with it mass production which led to mass consumption, and formed an economic growth in the society. But while people were able to earn more money and consume more, it also had a negative aspect of deskilling the workers, and who also had to work under though working conditions physically and socially.In the 1960s it was productivity slow down, and even though they could still mass-produce, the market didnt longer have a big demand for it. When the crises of Fordism hit, new styles of management were developed, some just modifying Fordism, as Neo-Fordism and some styles that entirely broke of with the ideas of Fordism, as Post-Fordism. In these new forms of management, the workers became a central part. Neo-Fordism kept many of the ideas of Fordism, but changed the ideas around the working environment, so the workers would be physically and socially satisfied.Post-Fordism has showed a complete difference from Fordism, and is more focused on flexibility and the skills of the workers and customized highly qualified products. Fordism was good in many areas in it prime time, because it led to a economic growth, but as time goes by it brings changes to the economy and the need of society, which means that management styles should changes with it, and adapt to make it work. Reference list RMIT University (Ed). 2012. Introduction to Management. Palgrave Macmillan, South Melborune. Grandin, G 2009. Forlandia The rise and fall of Henry Fords forgotten jungle city, Metropolian Books, New York. Matthews, J 1989, Ages of Democracy the political sympathies of Post-Fordism, Oxford University Press, Normanby Rd, SA. Edgell, S 2006, The sociology of work Continuity and change in paid and upaid work, Sage, Thousand Oaks, London Goodwin, M, Painter, J 1996, Local governance, the crises of Fordism and the changing geographies of Regulation, Tra nsaction of the get of British Geographers, new series, vol 21, No 4, pp 635-648, Wiley Blackwell Boyer, R 2010, Is a financial-led growth regime a viable alternative to Fordism?A Preliminary analysis https//dx. doi. org/10. 1080/030851400360587 Xu, F, Rickards, T 2007, imaginative Management A predicted development from research into creativity and management, Creativity and innovation Management pp 216-228 Thompson, F 2007, Fordism, Post-Fordism and the flexible system of production, viewed 29. September 2012. http//www. willamette. du/fthompso/MgmtCon/Fordism_%26_Postfordism. html Batchelor, R 1994, Henry Ford, mass production, modernism and design, Manchester University Press, Oxford Rd, Manchester Antonio, RJ, Bonanno, A 2000, A new global Capitalism? Americanism and Fordism to Americanization-Globalization, pp 33. 77 https//ojsprdap. vm. ku. edu/index. php/amerstud/article/viewFile/3102/3061

History, but goes deeper to touch on matters

It is not customary for there to be exchanges between us concerning my growing interest in art and my accompanying enrollment in an art shallow. I however hope not to offend you, not by sharing what has become so intimately entwined with my heart.Im not going to amuse you by attempting a funny portrait of you, but discuss a classic that I recently encountered, and that does not unaccompanied touch your favorite subject, History, but goes deeper to touch on matters of humanity, of war and the fight against such atrocities as happened on the Third of May, 1808. I have been c areful enough, dear, to extend a photo of the portrait for you.Franscisco Goya, the artist who created this masterpiece is considered a key figure in the word of paintings. On this painting he created the background of a dark early morning, in which a Church stood.Goya tells of the dark evil that surrounded the mass execution that occurred that morning, an atrocity against humble and innocent human beings. This is implied by the presence of a church, and demonstrated by one of the victims in the middle ground.Talking of the middle ground, you have seen the desperate faces of the victims displayed against the light from a lamp. You must, as well as I did, wonder about the genius that Goya was What is this source of light? How can it exist in front of such seemingly horrible executioners? He crafted it so carefully that we do not have to see the faces of the executionersAfter all, he must have wanted us to focus on the victims who suffer the violence, not the perpetrators, therefore raising that humane part of us to protect the harmless of the society whove been pitted against the armed ruthless dictators of the world.The foreground is very dramatic. The firing soldiers are killing one victim after another in cold blood. Goya must have been very skilled in his conception of principles of design, especially how he has used light to communicate his message, yet all this is done on a canvas, ju st (106*137 inches) Fairly large for a painting, but the depth of significance it carries cannot be exhausted, not by time or space.I have hereby just given you a glimpse of what art we study in school and the thoughts that cross my mind as I engage the books.

Ellen Carlson

Case of Ellen Carson 1) Discuss at least two smart property issues that might arise in the operation of the Web identify. Two intellectual property issues that I see and fall under the copyright police are the expression of ideas and the arrangement of element. Ellen will need to be very genuine in the creation of her Web site, as law protects many ideas and the arrangement of element. Her Web site will need to very different to other childrens sites out there. 2) Describe the ethical issues that Ellen faces because of the ages of her intended audience members.Some of the ethical issues that Ellen will face based on the age of the intended audience, is that by law children under the certain age (12 or 13) dont have the ability to read and understand privacy statements or the risk of providing personal information. 3) dodge the law withwhich the site must comply when it registers site visitors under the age of 13. Include recommendations regarding how Ellen can best comply with t hose laws. In the US, the Children Online Privacy Protection morsel of 1998 (COPPA) provides restrictions on data that can be collected on Web sites that are attracted by minors.One recommendation that Ellen could use on the Web site would be that when children under age 13 are trying to register to her site, she can collect parents email address to notify parents that their child is registering to her Web site. fire will need to respond to the email as an approval confirmation. Many Web sites that are for children are using the email response as a way of approval and knowledge. 4) Describe the sales tax liabilities to which the Web site will be exposed. Assume that Ellen will operate the site from herhome way in Michigan and that EPE will manufacture the merchandise in Texas.The merchandise will be warehoused at EPE distribution centers in New Jersey, Ohio, and California. Based on the assumption that Ellen conduct business from five different states Establishing business connec tion with several states will create Nexus, which mean that the company could be responsible of gainful taxes to the different states that the company is connected to. The company can become subject to several type of taxes income taxes, property taxes and transaction taxes. In regards to the sales tax, companies that have gain Nexus with a state will need to collect sales tax from the customer.

Rumspringa

During Rumspringa, Amish youth go out on their own into the outside gentlemans gentleman. (Many for their first time ever. ) After Rumspringa, the legal age return home to travel with their families and be baptized and continue in the Amish life without artying and partaking of the English lifestyle. The individual decides when their Rumspringa ends when they agree to be baptized into the church and take up responsibilities of an adult in the Amish community. -Amish are similar to most mainstream Americans by they are of white European stock, and they come from families t chapeau have been in America for more than one generation. Amish differ from the majority by they practice an intense Christian religiosity and they deliberately try to live separately from the larger society and refusing to adopt the practices and roducts of our mainstream society. Adolescence is a Journey from childishness to adulthood Amish youth experience the temptations and Joys and ills variously because it comes in a real concentrated form during Rumspringa. -Mennonites do not have Rumspringa. Rumspringa is practiced mostly in the larger Amish communities like Holmes, LaGrange, and Lancaster. -More than 70% of male Amish adults do not farm. -In Northern Indiana only some half of the Amish youth attend parties. -Today there is about 200,000 Amish individuals. And about half of them are under the age of ighteen.The Amish make up only 1% of the population in America but they are ripening rapidly because of the high Amish birthrate. The average family has seven children. -E precise five weeks, a new Amish settlement is established in the United motto to be in the world but not of the world. -Mennonites are named after their earlier leader Menno Simmons. -Once Amish are baptized and enter back into the Amish culture and way of life after Rumspringa, it is very difficult for them to leave again because of such harsh consequences. Demut a central tenant of the Amish to cultivate hum ility) -Hochmut wrongful, arrogant pride -Important biblical phrase to the Amish 2 Corinthians 614 Be ye not unequally yoked together with unbelievers. (This is where the Amish get their reasoning to be so separate from the world. ) -Ordnung Unwritten list of rules. -Many Amish parents confiscate their childrens earnings from their Jobs and reassure that when the youth get married they will give them large gifts of land, or money. The ordnung must be followed by the members of the Amish community.The Amish hope that these rules will help lead members to achieving their loving goals. Each church district has its own ordnung, and there are more than 1,400 Old Order Amish church districts. The ordnung is ratified and agreed to twice yearly by the members in the congregation of the church. The rules have evolved over the years to govern things from garments, appearance and facial hair to forbidden technologies and careers. -Between 1907 and 1910 there was a large argument in the c hurch over the use of cell phones and it resulted in a splitting off from the Old Order of liberals who wanted to use phones and cars. Anyone who could not live without phones or ars could not be in the Old Order. ) -1930s Some areas began to renounce phones in stores, but the phones were forbidden elsewhere. -Amish believe that the Holy Spirit tells a young mortal when it is time for them to be baptized. -Amish childhood have been structured to block out sensations of mainstream culture. -Many say that if the children are forced too soon to choose between a mainstream English life or the Amish lifestyle they are more likely to permanently turn away from being Amish so it is better to Just allow the children to have Rumspringa until they are ready to decide.Amish believe in being submissive and that it is seen as Christ-like. -Brauchers Amish healers who manipulate peoples bodies like chiropractors. -Ordnugs three meanings 1. To arrange or draw up a rule of degree to induce equali ty. 2. It creates a vision of contentment. 3. Gods example of the universe. -Mental problems in the Amish community are equally divided between men and women. -In June of 1998, Amish communities became very aware of drug problems. Dimensions of Culture Different areas, religions, beliefs, ect. shape how we function as a society.We are products of our language and what happens around us. Material/Nonmaterial Culture the carnal/nonphysical artifacts that reflect the lives of members in a particular society. -Mennonites are an example of a subculture because they go along with the majority of the Amish beliefs but do not go into in Rumspringa and have a few other variations as well. Amish culture as a whole is a perfect example of a counterculture (actively opposes set of the dominant culture and rejects the dominant cultures way of life. -Mores are generally used more by the seriously.The Amish believe in Sexual Dichotomy belief hat two biological sex categories, male and female, are permanent, universal, exhaustive, and mutually exclusive. -Culture provides society with common interests/bonds. Because a culture lives together, they share a certain amount of fellowship that is the same. -Norms Rule all social encounters. -There will be more clashes and arguments in a culture the more ethnic it is because the cultures vary so much with different beliefs and traditions and languages and cultures. -Amish take small norm violations very seriously compared to mainstream.

A study on the methods of Teaching

Albert Einstein one time said It is the supreme blind of the instructor to move joy in originative look and cognition. Indeed, being a instructor is really ambitious. Teaching, as a profession, it is both a scientific discipline and an art. It is a scientific discipline because you have to do certain that the methods and contents used are all backed by sound scientific explore. It is to a fault an art because you have to excite and be originative in act uponing your bookmans to larn.As a instructor, my chief aim is to help the pupils be taught and develop while fostering their ain creativeness and wonder ( Sliva, 2004 ) .A By learning the pupils the conventional course of study in a non-traditional, I want to give them the inspiration to larn, vindicated up their heads to fresh thoughts, and allow them detect these thoughts on their ain. Harmonizing to alpine Council Education, Culture and Sport Service ( 2010 ) , instructors are indispens adequate to(p) and do a opposit eiation. The value of steering is a of spell factor in promoting efficient larning in schools. Successful instruction entails individuals who are academically capable and who be concerned sing the social welfare of kids and young person.Educational psychologist Albert Bandura emphasized societal cognitive theory as a extremely important combination of behavioural, cognitive and social factors where the procedure of annotational cognition in which a scholar s actions alterations as a consequence of detecting others workss and its costs ( Schunk & A Hanson, 1985 ) . I think a schoolroom like this will advance a kid s capacity to be inventive, self motivated, and to detect societal accomplishments that are of import in the live universe. To congratulate this doctrine, the deliberate usage of hand clapping and wagess to update pupils on their public presentation instead than as a step of commanding pupil actions is a really good wages system in learning. In order to exert wages s to edify pupils about their workss, instructors must emphasize the worth of the actions that is rewarded and in like manner clear up to pupils the definite skills they established to have the wages. Teachers ought to likewise back up student coaction in choosing wagess and specifying appropriate behaviours that will gain wagess ( Bear, 2005 ) .An try by Schunk and Hanson, that considered grade 2 pupils who had beforehand encountered problem in larning minus, nous up the manner of research inspired by societal larning theory. Students who observed tolerable illustrations scored better on a minus post-test and besides accounted smashinger confidence in their minus accomplishment. The result were translated as behind the hypothesis that supposed similitude of the theoretical account to the scholar raises self-efficacy, taking to added helpful acquisition of sculptural public presentation. It is thought that equal mold is largely utile for pupils who have dwindle away self-e fficacy.I consider that each instruction doctrine has its first-class characteristic and associating all doctrines will be most valuable for my scholars and for my schoolroom. However, I think that utilizing a blend of the complaisant Reconstructionism and Essentialism doctrines will be the most impartial attack to use in my schoolroom. One may inquire how it is assuring to use Essentialism and Social Reconstrutionism, but I have faith in the major end of Essentialism are of import to planing a composed schoolroom.Through existent experience or a simulation, instructors who use Social Reconstructionism challenge their pupils to count and feel-and to get strong moral values. Through a talk and presentation, instructors who use the Essentialist attack focal point on giving their pupils a sound apprehension of basicss despite of the assorted background factors of the pupils. These factors comprise the scholar s developmental status, the sensed stature and king of the theoretical acc ount, the effects received by the illustration, the significance of the theoretical account s public presentation and effects to the scholar s nonsubjective, and the scholar s self-efficacy.I do besides see that it is important for pupils to detect the necessities of instruction. If the rudimentss of acquisition ( reading, authorship, and arithmetic ) are taught in a agency that incorporates the attacks of Social Reconstrucionism, pupils will be more likely to do a relationship with what they learned. If pupils retain information and do a association with what they learn they will be more able to tackle it and use it in existent life fortunes. As a instructor, I will advance pupil part in the class of ponder resolution, asking, argument and bombilation group events. I will besides be treat all students questions candidly and make non scare or laugh at. Questioning, observation and hearing in will be used as regular informal appraisal schemes. Since persons understand at differen t rates and in different ways, a mixture of activities, undertakings, and gaits of work will be emphasized. The usage of interruptions and activities to link students thought and concentration will be fostered by turning to reading and research for new penetrations and linking these to their schoolroom and school and if possible, to their ain lives.It is besides my rule that the schoolroom should be taught environing the pupil, non the educator.A Inquisitive pupils should be responded and their inquiries explored.A Teachers can originate by learning the particular information and can let pupils minds develop in other trend.A Students will be more overzealous about topics they benefit from therefore pupil s mentality and public assistance in the capable affair should be one of the highest chief concerns in a schoolroom.In my head, the bottom line is it is of import for pupils to larn and turn. If it means I need to alter the manner I teach every twelvemonth and work really hard at it, so that is what I will make. I feel it is necessary for instructors to non acquire caught in a rut. Teachers need to seek new things and research new possibilities by render scholars with apprehensible undertakings, ends, and conditions so update them of development because a cardinal proficiency in instruction is the capacity to edify and exemplify things clearly. I will besides stress and promote my students to reflect, to do connexions, to pattern and strengthen, to larn from other scholars and to see that if they make mistakes, they will non be derided or treated depressingly.On the other manus, it is besides important to use preventive attacks to classroom supervising that engages in making a optimistic schoolroom individuality with shared fear affecting instructor and pupil. Teachers with the preventive attack present heat, acknowledgment, and assistance unconditionally. Fair regulations and effects are established and pupils are given regular and changeless advice abo ut their actions ( Bear, 2008 ) .The most potent individual facet that improves success is feedback optimistic, constructive, clearly targeted. Effective instructors make ground and content clear, program carefully, utilize organized appraisal and response, make associations, support kids to believe about thought and be theoretical accounts what they want the kids to make, merely as William Arthur Ward says The mediocre instructor Tells. The good instructor explains. The superior instructor demonstrates. The great instructor inspires. Bear, G, Cavalier, A, & A Manning, M. ( 2005 ) . Developing self-discipline and preventing and rectifying misbehaviour. Allyn & A Bacon.Bear, G. ( 2008 ) . Best patterns in schoolroom subject. Bethesda, MD. National Association of School PsychologistsSchunk, D. H. , & A Hanson, A. R. ( 1985 ) . Peer theoretical accounts make up ones mind on kids s self-efficacy and achievement behaviour. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 313-322.Zimmerm an, B. J. ( 1998 ) . Developing self-fulfilling rhythms of academic ordinance An analysis of model instructional theoretical accounts. From learning to self-reflective pattern ( pp. 1-19 ) . vernal York Guilford.Hattie, J. , Biggs, J. , & A Purdie, N. ( 1996 ) . Effectss of larning accomplishments intercessions on pupil acquisition A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 66, 99-136.Sliva, K. ( 2004 ) . Teaching Doctrine. Accessed on December 20, 2010 at hypertext enchant protocol //csmstu01.csm.edu/students/ksliva/Philosophy/Philosophy.htmHighland Council Education, Culture and Sport Service ( 2010 ) . Learning and Teaching should be Inclusive and Enjoyable What makes a good instructor? Accessed on December 20, 2010 at hypertext transfer protocol //www.highlandschools-virtualib.org.uk/ltt/inclusive_enjoyable/teacher.htm

Benefits of Hosting Olympics

The prodigious Games first st cheated at Olympia in Greece in 776 BC. At that time, the games held were organized into festivals. there was a peace agreement called the sc ared truce between the urban center-states of Elis and Pisa. The reasons for droveing the Olympic Games at that time fall into three obvious aspects the honour of competing, the opportunity for administer and in like manner, for peace. The reason why cities beseech to hold the Olympics now are to a greater extent complicated than in ancient time. But the primary(prenominal) reasons remain the same.Cities may bid to host the Olympics to raise their International status by possibleness a door to the whole world, boost their economy, and enrich their culture and so on. All in all, cities want to promote the pace of their development by holding such a big event like the Olympics. Cities also have high expectations to the highest degree the legacy benefits of the Games. Some of the main benefits get out be identified later in this article. However, the benefits that are claimed in relation to hosting the Olympic Games are hard to measure.Those main benefits will be evaluated by taking the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games for instance. The legacy benefits of the Olympic Games plenty be indentified through four aspects political, economical, environmental and as the Olympic Games is a big sporting event, the last one should be sport. Politics had no place in the ancient games. The event was made possible in man by a truce that allowed visitors and competitors to travel to Olympia safely. During the truce there was no war, no executions, and no military action.However, although it is claimed that the modern Olympics have nothing to do with the political, many countries bid to host the Olympic Games for many political reasons under different circumstance. The best example to examine the relationship between sport and administration was the two German states during the cold war between 1945 a nd the early 1970s, in which period the two German states competed to host the Olympic Games in order to have their own political authority. (Hughes, Owen, 2009).The 1972 Munich (Germany) Games was no doubt a good wooden leg to show the rebuild Germany after the war. The Olympic Games are somehow a stage to relief the political conflicts and help the host cities change their International image. In terms of economy, it is the most important area when talking about the benefits of the Olympic Games. Cities ever more have high expectations to develop their economy after hosting the Olympics. Although the 1980 Moscow Olympics left a great measure of debt to the host city, the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic recovered the great unwasheds confidence.Matthewman (2009) indentified the legacy benefits of the Olympics economy benefits were included media exposure, employment and education training, infrastructure improving, increased trade, new investment and housing. However, the economic bene fits of the Olympic Games are obviously much more than Matthewman described. There is a similar report printed by Price Waterhouse Coopers (2004) claimed that the long-term economy benefits would include A. Improvement of city productivity (e. g. better transportation) B. Cultivate the citys management ability to deal with International event. C.Olympic-related trade. D. Media exposure. E. New investment and more job opportunities. F. Training project. G. Tourism industry Another benefit of the Olympics could be the improvement of city environment. After the International Olympic Committee (IOC) make the environment the third strand in 1994, cities have made their efforts to deliver water-washed and greener Games. The eco-friendly event made the sustainable development theory spread all over the world. The Olympic Games make a good contribution to arousing the awareness of protect our environment which could be beneficial to the whole human society.As the Olympic Games combined dif ferent sporting event, it is most closely related to sports in the host cities. Firstly, the sports infrastructure could be improved as cities want to hold the Olympics. This improvement stinker have a good violation on their athels training conditions, sports notice industries and provide their citizens of more sports sources. Secondly, a big sporting event can arouse peoples interest in sport. Additionally, it is good for promoting sport in the host cities as a guide to develop a health living style among its citizens.This is good for citizens health and their quality of life. To evaluate these benefits, the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games can be a good example. According to Cashman (2002), the Olympic Games would help the host cities acquire high international reputation in terms of politics. As Australia has a history of its nation conflicts between local residents and emigrations, the 2000 Sydney Olympic did not be supported by their citizens. However, the Olympic organisers came up with many ideas especially by knowing a long-distance torch relay program in order to unit the people.This excellent torch relay project which included 11,000runners, successfully changed peoples attitude and built a conception that the 2000 Sydney Olympic is not just about Sydney, it is about Australia as a whole(Haynes, 2001). The economic benefits of the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games are hardly measured because there are so many potential areas for long-term impact. However, a 2001 Price Waterhouse Coopers report showed that Sydney has benefited from the 2000 Olympic Games a large amount of profits, which included about $3 billion from new business, $7. billion was injected for infrastructure and promoting business of New South Wales, more than $6 billion from tourism and opening their door to attract International business projects. (Matthewman, 2009) In other words, the Sydney Games had not only gained more investments and improved the citys infrastructure it also genuine the industry of tourism and gave the ability to manage large projects. The 2000 Sydney Olympic Games was the first time the idea of the Green Games was adopted.Sydney had come up with five strategies before statement to host the Olympic Games save energy, save water, reduce rubbish, prevent pollution and protect the natural environment (Cashman, 2002). As the benefits on environment are serious to identify in a short period of time, it is not likely to attribute the environmental improvement to the Green Olympic Game only. However, the eco-friendly idea will surely make great contribute to the citys environment. Peoples awareness was established after the Green Game, and it was becoming more and more popular that individuals started to take environment their own responsibility.Sport itself has obviously benefited from the Games. Firstly, the Olympic Games appeared to contribute to the sports infrastructure. Sydney had built the high-level sport facilities which combined technology an d art to host the events. These sports infrastructures would improve the athletes training conditions and provide large sports events among counties as well. Secondly, the Sydney Olympic Games tend to arouse local peoples interest in participate sports activities. The Sweeney Sport Report 2000/2001 showed there was a significant increasing trend of sports on TV viewing.According to Haynetss (2001) report, it is claimed that this raised participation might also lead to some other benefits, such as heath and economic. However, it is hard to know whether the citizens interests can last for a long time. To conclude, cities bid to host the Olympic Games for their better developments. The Olympic Games have a great impact on many areas of the hosting cities, which obviously are not restricted to the four aspects above. The benefits of host cities can gain from the Games are quite different and difficult to measure.The 2000 Sydney Olympic Games are a good example because it has won a high reputation for its successes. However, as there are always diverse proposals in different cities toward hosting the Olympics, it is important to have a detailed plan before both bidding and hosting the Games and sound expectations. Reference list Jill Hatnes(2001) Social economic impact of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. International Chair in Olympic, Centre dEstudies Olympics (UAB). 2001 from http//olympicstudies. uab. es/pdf/od013_eng. pdf Price Waterhouse Coopers (2004) The economic impact of the Olympic Games.European Economic Outlook, June, p. 18-19 Richard Cashman(2002) Impact of the Games on Olympic host cities. International Chair in Olympic, Centre dEstudies Olympics (UAB). 2002 from http//olympicstudies. uab. es/lec/pdf/cashman. pdf Richard Matthewman(2009) Economic impacts of Olympic Games. July, 2009 from http//maasterpieces. com/Documents/Economic%20Impacts%20of%20Olympic%20Games. pdf R. Gerald Hughes, Rachel J. Owen (2009) The Continuation of Politics by Other Means Britain, the Two Germanys and the Olympic Games, 19491972. Contemporary European History, 18(4), pp. 443-474.

Fiero’s Greek Civiliation

I take Fieros start humanist actually seems to start in early Greek civilization. Greeks were called the humanists of the ancient world. (Fiero 30) The Greeks were known for their art, literature, as well as their religious culture. Fiero alike refers to the humanistic period in which the great historian Thucydides wrote The tale of The Polynesian War (Fiero 37) which we see celebrates the Greek culture in Athens during the Polynesian War. I call up this was a great example of the humanist in the Greek culture by submiting the genuine spirit of Greek patriotism and community of the Greek people.We also see Fiero use the Greeks use what was called symmetry, on their statues and paintings. They believed the true aspect of the human being should be shown in actual form. They also show such detail and the proportion was correct. They also show that the human body was a work of art. We also see Fiero use the example of the Parthenon as the Greeks style of architecture. On the act ual Parthenon they had the four horsemen, water bearers, and the masking of the festival in which the tribute to Helen was shown. This shows me that the Greeks were all about depicting the greatness of their civilization.The Romans basically copied the art and nigh of everything else so I will go straight to the Renaissance. Fiero refers to the Renaissance as the revival of the Greco-Roman culture. (Fiero 183) This was rewrite by the Aquinas. They were looking at this as the fulfillment of the human potential. (Fiero 183) This is what I see in the art of the Renaissance is that the pieces had depth and perception and proportion and symmetry just like the Greco-Roman style. Fiero comments that parvenu Renaissance humanists have religion in their lives but look at their intellectual curiosity has challenge and appeasing.According to Fiero the most Renaissance Humanists was Francesco Petrarch. (Fiero 184) I believe Francesco was a restorer of early Latin works. I believe he was tr ying to bring to life the old classics of the Greek world. I think he valued to show that he was a great poet as Cicero. I think he was torn on whether he was a great believer or reasoner. I believe he chose to be a believer. In his sonnet I think he was torn on his love for his lover or his love of words. I see these as examples of Fieros humanism.

Downsizing: Costs and Assigned Government Executive

Industry downsizing has been a major part of the corporate world, even government agencies are downsizing. GovernmentExecutive. com covers the business of the federal government and its huge departments and agencies dozens of which dwarf the largest institutions in the private sector on its website. Read the assigned Government Executive article and answer the following questions Which industries commit substantially bring down fixed cost commitments? Do you believe this reduction in costs has substantially impaired the great power of these industries to meet the needs of their customers?It appears that both privite and public sectors are reducing fixed cost. According to Ciccotello and Green, the applied science, auto, and government industries have substantially reduced fixed costs. The specific examples referenced in the article, Industrys Downsizing Lessons, were IBM, Honda, and the defense team in some cases the downsizing has been beneficial and in others it has been det rimental. DoD has taken the lead in the incumbent round of federal downsizing, instituting several initiatives to reduce permanent staff positions, rely more than on unstable help and outsource production.Honda made large cuts in its permanent engineering staff in chemical reaction to the more volatile sales environment for automobiles since the mid-1980s. These cuts left Honda unable to keep pace with its competitors in the designing of new automobiles. The results have been the loss of market share and profit for Honda, which now faces the difficult task of act to catch up. The consequence of cutting fixed costs too far could be even more dangerous for a government enterprise like DoD. The computer attention is rapidly changing technology is causing companies to reassess large, fixed-cost commitments.As a result, evidence of decreasing operating leverage in this industry abounds. Many large computer firms have made dramatic cuts in permanent staff. Standard and Poors repo rts that IBM had more than 370,000 full-time employees in 1990 and fewer than 270,000 in 1994. At the same time, computer firms have greatly change magnitude outsourcing of products and leasing of equipment. Both of these trends reduce the requirement for large in-house expenditures on personnel, plant and equipment. Outsourcing and leasing make the enterprise more nimble, more able to quickly adapt to a rapidly changing sales environment.

Follow the Rabbit Proof Fence

This free-spirited girl knew that she and her sisters must escape from this place. What characteristics did Molly presentation which en satisfactoryd the sisters to escape and return to their families? not precisely is this book about how three little aboriginal girls travelled a crabbed half of Australia but is also teaches us how the aboriginals were treated.through and throughout Doris Pilkingtons and Nugi Garimaras novel, the protagonist Molly, has a specify of characteristics that help her and her two cousins escape from the re-education camp for half-casts, she is strong mentally when she was bullied, she is friendshipable because she was able to cross half of Australia with no map or compass, and she is very loyal and emotionally attached to her land. When Molly was only about four years, she was constantly bullied because she was a half-cast, but besides these constant insults, she was strong and kept ordained.Because she was incomplete a Mardu nor wudgebulla and was r egarded as a mongrel dog and wasnt liked by the aboriginal children so she threw handfuls of sand or stones and threw them at her tormentors, and sometimes she chased them with a stick. But as she got older she became utilize to the insults, and although they still hurt, she didnt show it. This shows Mollys mental strength against her bullies and tried to stay positive until now though she Wished that she didnt have light skin so that she didnt have to good turn by herself. She is also mentally strong because for three young girls to travel from Perth to Jigalong, she needs to be in the right mindset and be positive because she was determined to get back because she needed to see her family. Not many people could and would be able to do this but these girls especially Molly were brave and determined and kept their head up. So it can be say that Molly is mentally strong because she is able to beat her bullies and go back home to Jigalong.When Molly and her two cousins escape t he camp, she is faced with an enormous walk of life without a compass or map, but Molly has grown up in this land and knows what to do and where to go. She had no fear because the wilderness was her kin. This means that the wilderness is her family which always provided shelter, food and sustenance. She also memorised which was they travelled so she knew to head north and to follow the rabbit-proof fence.With her developed bushcraft skills and survival techniques she was able to lead her two cousins through unfaithful terrain and back home and also lead the tracker and constable Rigs to the wrong places. Therefore it can be said that throughout the novel, Molly uses her knowledge of the land to get back home safely with her cousins and remove their tracks. Throughout the novel, we see that Molly is very loyal and emotionally attached to her land.We see this when Molly and Gracie were walking through the country when they were almost home and they are pointing out special places to each other, for Molly it was a mobile trip down memorys landscape which A feeling of nostalgia brought tears to her eyes. This shows how much she lost(p) and appreciates the land she grew up in and shows us how loyal she is to it. It means so much to her and like in the movie Kanyini without it she is nothing. So it can be said that Molly is loyal and emotionally attached to her land especially when it gets taken away from her.Throughout the novel written by Doris Pilkington and Nugi Garimara, Molly has a set of traits which help her and her cousins escape the re-education camp, travel a substantial distance and get back to Jigalong safely. It was her inner strength, her knowledge of her land and her emotional attachment to her land. We can also learn from this book that someone cannot take from others even if they think it is the right decision. Doris Pilkington and Nugi Garimara tell us just one of many stories that has happened to many of the stolen generation and it makes us think about it.

Chemistry and Biotechnology Essay

ABSTRACTElemental analysis of ingrained compounds turn back the elements demonstrate in them however they do not pay off the actual structure or the functional groups front. Since all in all constitutional compounds chair hydrogen and carbon, most strains consist of solely the determination of oxygen, sulfur, northward and halogens elements that argon most of the time the only ones involved in constituent(a) compounds. The experiment focuse on the Sodium Fusion show, which tried and true for all elements except oxygen. In the examinationing, the judge compound is broken down into its elements, which hence bond individually with atomic number 11. The front of sulfur was time- tried and true either with fail acetate or atomic number 11 nitroprusside. The front man of nitrogen was tested with ferric ammonium convert and potassium fluoride. The front man of any halogen was tested by a shine test with pig wire and the identification of the exact halogen was do ne utilise funds nitrate. C beful experimentation was needed in stray to avoid false positive and false negative bequeaths.Keywords basal analysis, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, halogens, atomic number 11 uniting, overhaul acetate, sodium nitroprusside, beam testpic INTRODUCTION natural compounds are composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen, and in certain functional groups, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and halogens. When presented with an unknown organic compound, it is at times enough to determine the elements present in the compound and not the exact functional groups. The process in which the elements of a compound are headstrong is called elemental analysis.One of the tests done to conduct elemental analysis is the Sodium Fusion Test. In this experiment, sodium fusion test is used in elemental analysis of qualitative determination of elemental halogens, sulphur and nitrogen in a sample. Sodium is a very strong reducing element that will able to break up the organic compounds carbon atom chain. It also will modify the atoms which are covalently bonded to the carbon chain to inorganic ions. The elements are detected by sodium fusion test. The organic compound is fused with metallic sodium to convert these elements into ionic mixture which dissolved in wet and the filtrate is used to per do the tests.The sodium fusion test, in some texts known as the Lassaignes test, was developed by the French chemist, Jean Louis Lassaigne in the 1800s. It is a general test per organize in order to determine the posture of nitrogen, sulfur and halogens. The principle behind the test is the breakdown of the compound into its elements at gamey temperatures. The breakdown of a compound into its elements is possible for organic compounds as they do not dissociate and form ions when dissolved in a liquid unlike salts and other ionic compounds. These elements then fuse with sodium. These sodium compounds are then the ones tested with contrastive antecedents that reveal th e front end or absence of the above elements. A limitation of this test is that it arsenot test for the front man of oxygen, however, the presence of oxygen can easily be determined through the determination of the actual functional groups in the compound. It is a general test for the detection of halogens, nitrogen and sulphur in an organic compound.These elements are covalently bonded to the organic compounds. In order to detect them, these construct to be converted into their ionic forms. This is done by fusing the organic compound with sodium metal. The ionic compounds formed during the fusion are extracted in aqueous solution and can be detected by simple chemical tests. The extract is called sodium fusion extract or Lassaignes extract (Wikipedia, 2012.) When an organic compound is heat strongly with sodium, any halogens, nitrogen, and sulfur will be converted into inorganic sodium salts such as sodium halide (for halides), sodium cyanide (for nitrogen), sodium sulfide (f or sulfur), and sodium thiocyanate (for sulfur and nitrogen).The nitrogen is confirmed with ferrous sulfate i.e. iron sulfate.In this experiment, the Sodium Fusion Test was used in order to determine the elements present in an unknown compound.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe experiment was divided into 2 parts the first part was the sodium fusion test firearm the import part consisted of the tests for specific elements. For the first part of the experiment, a launch of sodium metal was washed with hexane and then placed in a tout ensemble dry test pipage. It was made sure that the test tube was completely dry because any drop of water in the test tube would result to an explosion callable to the highly oxidizable property of sodium. The test tube with the sodium metal was then heated until the metal has melted. Once the vapor has r separatelyed a third of the test tube, it was removed from heating and 0.5g/15ml of the sample was added to it.The mixture was then reheated until the fu sion has been completed. A successful fusion was state by a small explosion or flash. The mixture was removed from heating. Once the mixture has cooled to mode temperature, 1ml of ethanol was added to it and the mixture was again heated until a dull red mixture was obtained. This was done with eonian stirring. Once the dull red mixture was obtained, the test tube was immersed in 10ml distilled water and was broken using a glass rod. The mixture was stirred and it was made sure that no resi due was left on the stirring rod. it was then heated to boiling and filtered using an ashless filter paper and the residue was kept aside.For the second part of the experiment, tests for sulfur, nitrogen and halogens were performed. The test for sulfur could be done in two ways the lead acetate test and the sodium nitroprusside test. For the lead acetate test, 1ml of the sodium fusion filtrate was first tested with spicyish litmus paper. Acetic acid was then added dropwise until the solution becomes acidic. A few drops of 1% lead acetate solution were added to the solution and the formation of a minatory sharp indicated the presence of sulfur.The sodium nitroprusside test was done by adding 2 drops of 2% sodium nitroprusside to 1ml of the sodium fusion filtrate, with the formation of a heavyset bluish-violet color an indication of the presence of sulfur.The test for nitrogen was done through the Lassaigne Test or the Prussian Blue Test. 1ml of the sodium fusion filtrate was adjusted to pH13 through the addition of 10% NaOH solution. 2 drops of each freshly prepared ferrous ammonium sulfate solution and 30% potassium fluoride solution. The mixture was then heated to boiling and acidified through the addition of 3M sulfuric acid drop wise until the iron hydroxides have been dissolved. A positive result was indicated by the formation of a dark blue solution or hang.The test for halogens was done in two parts the first part, called the Beilsteins test was the test fo r the presence of halogens while the second test was the test for the identity of the halogen if it is present.For the Beilsteins test, a copper wire with a loop at the end was heated using a Bunsen burner until no color was imparted on the flame. It was then cooled and dipped into the sodium fusion filtrate and then burned again. The appearance of a blue jet flame was the indication of the presence of halogens.For the test for the specific halogen present, 2ml of the sodium fusion filtrate was tested with blue litmus paper. It was then acidified through the drop wise addition of 5% nitric acid solution and boiled slowly for a few minutes. The solution was then cooled and filtered if a precipitate was formed. 2 drops of 0.1M silverish nitrate solution was then added to the filtrate. The formation of white, pale yellow or yellow precipitate indicated the presence of chlorine, bromine and iodine respectively. The results can be further verified through the continuous addition of 0.1 M silver nitrate in ethanol in order to precipitate all the halogens. The precipitate was then tested with 2ml of 5% ammonium hydroxide. Dissolving of the precipitate indicated the presence of chlorine. Slight dissolving indicated the presence of bromine while insolubility indicated the presence of iodine.DISCUSSION OF RESULTSThe pursuance table shows the results of the elemental analysis tests and the flowchart shows the correct steps of the elemental analysis (basing on the identity of the unknown and not on the experimental results)Cl - S - Br - N Present I - Metal - F During the sodium fusion test, the unknown organic compound was heated to very high temperatures and as a consequence, was broken down into its elements. In the presence of sodium, the compound can form different products depending on the elements present. These products can be NaCN, Na2S, NaI, NaCl or NaBr, since the most greens elements found in organic compounds other than carbon,hydrogen and oxygen are nitrogen, sulfur and the halogens.For the unknown compound, sulfur was present and so Na2S was formed. If the sulfur was tested with lead acetate, the following reaction occurredpicThe reaction leads to the formation of PbS, which is a smuggled precipitate. If sulfur was tested with sodium nitroprusside, the following reaction occurredpicThe ionic solution formed was of a cloudy violet color.For the unknown compound, nitrogen was presend and so NaCN was formed. For the test for nitrogen, the following reaction occurredpicpicpicThe resulting product is of the Prussian blue color it was either a solution or a precipitate.The unknown compound did not tick halogens but if it did, the following reaction would have occurred for the Beilsteins TestpicIn determining the actual halogen present, the following reactions occurredAgCl, AgBr and AgI are while, pale yellow and yellow precipitates respectively.If the sodium fusion test was done in change sodium and twain sulfur and nitrogen w ere present in the compound, the thiocyanate ion would be formed during the fusion kind of of the cyanate ion. A blood color would emerge from the nitrogen test due to the following reactionpicThe organic compounds to be analyzed consist of basically of a chain of carbon atoms which various other atoms are attached. Since these elements are covalently bonded to the carbon chain, it is unable to dissolve in water to form cations and anions. However, sodium fusion test can be used to reduce those atoms that are covalently bonded to the carbon chain to inorganic soluble ions since sodium is a very strong reducing agent. In the Lassaignes test, the nitrogen can be lessen to form cyanide ions, CN- picFor sulphur, it had been reduced to form sulfide ion, S2- in Lassaignes test as shown in the following picIf both nitrogen and sulphur are present in the organic compound at the same time, then the chemical reaction below will take place in the test picIf halogens (Cl, Br, I) are present i n the compound, the halogens will be reduced to form halide ions (Cl-, Br-, I-) during the sodium fusion test. picThe inorganic ions in aqueous solution could be easily sight after undergo certain tests which can indicates the presence of elements in the particular compounds. In the cyanide test, the filtrate of compound A was added with ferrous sulfate, a dark green precipitate was formed. The formation of ferrous hydroxide was produced from the reaction between ferrous sulfate and sodium hydroxide. picThe sodium hydroxide was formed by the reaction of unreacted sodium metal with water due to incomplete reaction of sodium fusion with compound A. pic The FeSO4 solution was added to confirm the presence of NaOH and to react completely with it in the filtrate. At the same time, a small amount of black precipitate was formed at the bottom but it was disappeared after more ferrous sulphate was added. The formation of black precipitate whitethorn be due to the ferrous sulphide exists in the mixture. picThe equation below shows that the ferrous sulphate was reacted with the sodium cyanide to form sodium ferrocyanide as the main product. pic The sulphuric acid and increase in temperature was used to increase the suitable medium for the formation of complex. As a result, ferric-ferrocyanide complex with the colour of Prussian blue was precipitated out after ferric chloride is added to oxidize the Fe2+ to become Fe3+. This Prussian blue precipitate indicates that the unknown A contains nitrogen in the compound. picSome of the Fe3+ was formed before the oxidation of ferric chloride. This might be due to the air oxidation of iron(II) ions in the mixture before the ferric chloride is added. For compounds B and C, a negative result is obtained which end up with colourless solution as results. Hence, these shown nitrogen are absent in the both organic compounds. The reduced sulfide ion can be confirmed by using two different tests which were sodium nitroprusside test and l ead(II) acetate test. For the first test, the appearance of deep purple solution shows the positive result. The formation of sodium sulphonitroprusside is a complex that was formed between the sodium nitroprusside and sodium sulphide. picIn another test, the black precipitate will be formed if the sulphur is present in the compound. The formation of black precipitate shows a positive result for this test. picThere are various possible sources of faultings for the experiment. One of these is the incomplete or improper fusion of the compound with sodium. If this happens, then the proper compounds would not be formed and therefore would give negative or even false positive results in the tests.Another possible source of error for the test is from the Prussian blue test. The solution must be basic because the test does not trifle in an acidic medium. If the solution is left acidic, the reaction will not occur and would give a false negative result.Another source of error is the determ ination of the flame color in the Beilsteins test. The color should be blue-green because a blue flame indicates Cu1+ ions while a green flame indicates Cu-(non-halide). If the color of the flame was observed incorrectly, then it may give a false positive if it is observed to be blue-green instead of blue or green or it may give a false negative if it is not observed as blue-green. This was the main source of error for this trial since the presence of halogens was incorrectly deduced.ConclusionFrom the experiment, several conclusions could be made. First, the sodium fusion tests consist of various tests, which determine the presence of nitrogen, sulfur and halogens in an organic compound. The presence of nitrogen was confirmed by the formation of a Prussian blue precipitate or solution. The presence of sulfur was confirmed through the formation of the black precipitate PbS or the formation of a deep violet solution from sodium nitroprusside. The presence of a halogen in the compound was confirmed by a blue-green flame, when the flame test was performed with a copper wire while the exact identity of the halogen was determined by the different colors of precipitate formed with silver nitrate.It can also concluded that the experiment should be done in accuracy and vex since the results can give false positive or false negative results when seemingly minor expatiate are incorrectly deduced, for instance the pH of the solution or the color of the flame. Also, sodium is highly reactive and just a small area of contact with water can cause an explosion.REFERENCES1. Lancashire, Robert John (2005) soft Analysis of Organic Compounds., http//wwwchem.uwimona.edu.jm/lab_manuals/c10expt25.html 2. Baluyut John Y. G., De Castro Kathlia A., Organic Chemistry Laboratory for Chemical Engineering Students Part 2, 2004 3. Klein, David (2012). Organic Chemistry. Danvers. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 4. Wikipedia (2012). Sodium Fusion Test. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_fusion_t est

Issues facing women in prisons Essay

The issues of women in prison atomic number 18 clouded with amazing stereotypes and silence. Women ar the fastest growing sector of the prison race in the join States. Even much than men, most women ar incarcerated for non-violent finish upenses. These women ar oftentimes products of sexist and racist attitudes, and do not learn marketable job skills. Economic survival for herself and her family often means prostitution, forging, petty stealth or some kind of hustle. Once incarcerated, women switch less opening to education, job training programs, and opposite services than men.When released, women are more often shamed for having done time, and less likely to reach show up for hurt. In the 1970s, two women sociologists, Rita Simon and Freda Adler, argued that the extent and nature of womens criminality appeared to be changing. They predicted that womens criminal demeanour would continue to undergo dramatic changes until it closely resembled mens. The increase in the frequency and seriousness of female criminality, they believed, would come in crimes tradition wholey associated with men.Womens new emancipation and assertiveness, womens expanded economic opportunities, womens new social roles, would lead to their more frequent and serious criminality (McClellan). Many of the big(p)st increases for serious offenses are found in traditionally female crimes such as fraud, forgery, larceny/theft, and drug violations. Most of the increases in female property crime involve petty, unsophisticated offenses, e. g. , shoplifting, misuse of credit cards, passing bad checks, and offbeat fraudcrimes related to the increasing feminization of poverty.The majority of women continue to be arrested for victimless crimes for existence drug addicts, for cosmos intoxicated, for being prostitutes. Only 14 percent of those arrested for violent offenses are women. This rate has remained stable over time. tercet out of four women arrested for violent offenses have committed simple assault. Women constitute approximately ten percent of the arrests for robbery, and one-tenth of the arrests for murder and non-negligent manslaughter. Changes in womens criminal behavior, like changes in womens social roles, have been slow up and predictable (Corrections Statistics).Currently over 95,000 women are incarcerated in U. S. prisons, an former(a) 70,000 in our jails. The womens prison universe in the U. S. has quadrupled since 1980, largely a result of a war on drugs that has translated into a war on women and the poor generally. Afri skunk-American women have been hardest hit by this increase. They are 14. 5 percent of the women in the U. S. population, scarcely they constitute 52. 2 percent of the women in prison (Corrections Statistics). Poor young women of color, most of whom are produces, are locked in old overcrowded prisons, serving lengthy sentences for drug offenses and petty property crimes.Incarceration for women in the United States has come to mean enduring endless hours of boredom and idleness as women are systematically denied access to meaningful programs months and years without visits from their children whose guardians cannot afford travel expenses indignities, disrespect, and babyilization from the correctional staff. Women in prison are subject to an ordained system that carries the norm-enforcing patriarchal pattern of social control to absurd lengths. As night follows day, omnipresent superintendence elicits the behavior it is installed to control.Faced with implacable patriarchal authority, a female inmates seemingly mistaken oppositional behavior becomes a means for re-establishing her nature, for resisting the alienation experienced when she is denied traditional expression of both her personal individuality and her collective responsibilities. Intensive surveillance of female inmates is an historical vestige in institutions of correction it reflects the belief that women should correct to ge nder-based stereotypes stressing obedience, dependence, and deference.calcium has the highest population of female prisoners among U. S. states. Since mandatory-sentencing laws went into effect in the mid 1980s, the California female prison population has skyrocketed. At the end of 1986, women in Californias prisons totaled 3,564. As of September 2000, the female population now numbers 11,091 an increase of 311% in fourteen years (CDC Data). The vast majority of women sentenced under Californias two-strikes and three-strikes laws are for nonviolent crimes, particularly drug offenses.A 1999 study of women in the California prison system found that 71% of incarcerated women had experienced ongoing physical abuse prior to the age of 18 and that 62% experienced ongoing physical abuse after 18 years of age. The report excessively found that 41% of women incarcerated in California had experienced sexual abuse prior to the age of 18 and 41% experienced sexual abuse after 18 years of age. Such a ground further inhibits the ability of female inmates to report or seek recourse in cases of abuse deep down the prison system. (Bloom, Owen)Prisons for women in California are on average 171% over their designed faculty, with two prisons approximately 200% over capacity. The Federal womens prison in Dublin is more than 128% over capacity (CDC Report). Valley State Penitentiary for Women (VSPW) and the adjacent Central California Womens Facility (CCWF) together contribute almost 7,000 incarcerated women and is probably the largest womens prison complex in the world. (AI Report) Women in California state prisons find only pennies an hour. Females incarcerated in federal prisons hold in a minimum of $5. 75 per month.Though inmates from the United States can sometimes make more money through Federal work programs, non-nationals are not permitted to make more than the base monthly amount. In California state prisons, women earn as little as $. 05 per hour. In the Californ ia prison system, visitation is a privilege not a right. Prisoners on demolition row and prisons in California serving life sentences without parole cannot receive unsupervised family visits. Family visits are in like manner not permitted with common law relationships. Pregnant women in prison face unique problems.Stress, environmental and ratified restrictions, unhealthy behavior, and weakened or nonexistent social support systemsall common among female inmateshave an even greater effect on pregnant inmates. Women in prison are federal agencyd right(prenominal) the normal mothering experience in such ways (Huft et al) Stress incarcerated women experience higher than normal levels of stress. They have a higher incidence of complications during pregnancy, labor, and delivery. Restricted environment reading to pregnancy is limited by the prison environment.Mandatory work, structured meal times, and lack of environ-mental stimulation may decrease the likelihood of individual ized antepartum do. For instance, pregnant inmates receive standard clothing that often does not fit well. Alternatives for special clothing (e. g. , stockings and shoes) may be dictated by availability within the institution or by what family and friends are ordain to supply. In addition, disciplinary action or other restrictions may interfere with the offenders adaptation to pregnancy. Altered social support systems even if ideal opportunities for nutritional education and physical development are available during pregnancy, pregnant women leave not take advantage of them if they do not receive support from their inmate peer groups. Limited health care facilities or staff sometimes warrants the immediate impart of a pregnant inmate to a civilian hospital at the onset of labor. Altered enate rolesMaternal identity depends on rehearsal for the anticipated role after birth. Women in Federal prisons do not directly care for their infants after birth.Developing a maternal role t herefore depends upon plans for placing the infant after birth. The inmate can place the infant either for adoption or for guardianship. Preparation for care includes teaching the mother decision-making skills. Counseling should emphasize developing an identity during pregnancy and strategies for coping with the loss of the infant. after the birth, the mother will need counseling in making or accepting the decision to place the infant for adoption or temporary guardianship. One of the major concerns of women in prison is their children.A large percentage of women in our criminal legal expert system are mothers. According to Amnesty internationalist, 78% of women in state prisons are mothers (Impact on Children, 1999). Because there are fewer women in prison than men, there are fewer womens facilities throughout the country. As a result, women are placed in prisons located miles past from their children and families (Chesney-Lind, 1998). Consequently, children spend less time visi ting their mothers in these facilities. For children who resided in the same home as their mother prior to her incarceration, this is an extremely traumatic experience.Children whose parents are incarcerated are often placed in the care of other family members, in foster care or in juvenile homes. Nationwide, 50% of the children in the juvenile justice system have a parent in prison (Impact on Children, 1999). Very few children will go live with their father and the majority of children, approximately 60%, are taken in and cared for by their grandmothers. However, many of these grandmothers are financially unstable and do not have the means to support and pay off all the needs of these children.As if this is not traumatic enough, children of incarcerated mothers face many other hardships. Along with being removed from the home they grew up in and their families, children face other unfamiliar challenges such as care new schools and hold in new homes in alien settings. These childr en may demonstrate a variety of emotional and psychological responses such as hyperactivity, attention deficits, delinquency, and teenage pregnancy, withdrawal from social relationships or put out in to denial along with difficulty with intimacy and assertiveness, lack of trust in others, and poor donnish performance.(Impact on Children, 1999). The vast majority of female prisoners in the United States are held in women-only facilities. About fifth part of all female inmates are housed in co-ed facilities that is, prisons that accommodate both male and female offenders. interaction between male and female inmates at coed prisons is minimal and men and women share only certain vocational, technical, or educational resources and recreational facilities. Female inmates are housed in units that are entirely separate from units for male inmates during even hours (Encarta).The coed facilities present less problems than one would expect, a phenomenon attributed to the softening effect women have on male inmates. The living conditions at a womens prison are somewhat more pleasant, but there is often a shortage of programs. Womens prisons are usually less security-conscious. Neither the inmate code nor the dark economy is well developed. Rather than form gangs, women tend to create pseudofamilies, in which they adopt various family roles father, mother, daughter, babe in a type of half serious, half play-acting set of relationships.Some of these roles, but not all of them, involve homosexual relationships. In conclusion, I think that these issues of women in the criminal system should be brought to more awareness to let the public know of these problems and maybe it will help women and young women to get off that track of crime so they dont end up like all of these other women in these prisons.Bibliography Corrections Statistics. U. S. Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs. Bureau of Justice Statistics Website, 2004 Chesney-Lind, M. Women in Priso n From uncomplete Justice to Vengeful Equity. Corrections Today, vol. 60, no. 7, 1998. Impact on Children of Women in Prison. Amnesty International Website, 2004 Californian Prisons Failure to protect prisoners from abuse Amnesty International Issue AMR 51/79/00. 24 May, 2000 California Department of Corrections Data. California Statistical Abstract, 12/1999.McClellan, Dorothy S. Coming to the aid of women in U. S. prisons, periodical Review, June, 2002. Huft, Anita G. , Fawkes, Lena. and Lawson, Travis. Care of the Pregnant Offender Federal Prisons Journal, Spring 1992. Prison, Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2004 Owen, Barbara, and Barbara Bloom. Profiling the needs of the California early days authoritys female population. ICPSR version. Fresno, CA California State University, 1997.