Issues facing women in prisons Essay

The issues of women in prison atomic number 18 clouded with amazing stereotypes and silence. Women ar the fastest growing sector of the prison race in the join States. Even much than men, most women ar incarcerated for non-violent finish upenses. These women ar oftentimes products of sexist and racist attitudes, and do not learn marketable job skills. Economic survival for herself and her family often means prostitution, forging, petty stealth or some kind of hustle. Once incarcerated, women switch less opening to education, job training programs, and opposite services than men.When released, women are more often shamed for having done time, and less likely to reach show up for hurt. In the 1970s, two women sociologists, Rita Simon and Freda Adler, argued that the extent and nature of womens criminality appeared to be changing. They predicted that womens criminal demeanour would continue to undergo dramatic changes until it closely resembled mens. The increase in the frequency and seriousness of female criminality, they believed, would come in crimes tradition wholey associated with men.Womens new emancipation and assertiveness, womens expanded economic opportunities, womens new social roles, would lead to their more frequent and serious criminality (McClellan). Many of the big(p)st increases for serious offenses are found in traditionally female crimes such as fraud, forgery, larceny/theft, and drug violations. Most of the increases in female property crime involve petty, unsophisticated offenses, e. g. , shoplifting, misuse of credit cards, passing bad checks, and offbeat fraudcrimes related to the increasing feminization of poverty.The majority of women continue to be arrested for victimless crimes for existence drug addicts, for cosmos intoxicated, for being prostitutes. Only 14 percent of those arrested for violent offenses are women. This rate has remained stable over time. tercet out of four women arrested for violent offenses have committed simple assault. Women constitute approximately ten percent of the arrests for robbery, and one-tenth of the arrests for murder and non-negligent manslaughter. Changes in womens criminal behavior, like changes in womens social roles, have been slow up and predictable (Corrections Statistics).Currently over 95,000 women are incarcerated in U. S. prisons, an former(a) 70,000 in our jails. The womens prison universe in the U. S. has quadrupled since 1980, largely a result of a war on drugs that has translated into a war on women and the poor generally. Afri skunk-American women have been hardest hit by this increase. They are 14. 5 percent of the women in the U. S. population, scarcely they constitute 52. 2 percent of the women in prison (Corrections Statistics). Poor young women of color, most of whom are produces, are locked in old overcrowded prisons, serving lengthy sentences for drug offenses and petty property crimes.Incarceration for women in the United States has come to mean enduring endless hours of boredom and idleness as women are systematically denied access to meaningful programs months and years without visits from their children whose guardians cannot afford travel expenses indignities, disrespect, and babyilization from the correctional staff. Women in prison are subject to an ordained system that carries the norm-enforcing patriarchal pattern of social control to absurd lengths. As night follows day, omnipresent superintendence elicits the behavior it is installed to control.Faced with implacable patriarchal authority, a female inmates seemingly mistaken oppositional behavior becomes a means for re-establishing her nature, for resisting the alienation experienced when she is denied traditional expression of both her personal individuality and her collective responsibilities. Intensive surveillance of female inmates is an historical vestige in institutions of correction it reflects the belief that women should correct to ge nder-based stereotypes stressing obedience, dependence, and deference.calcium has the highest population of female prisoners among U. S. states. Since mandatory-sentencing laws went into effect in the mid 1980s, the California female prison population has skyrocketed. At the end of 1986, women in Californias prisons totaled 3,564. As of September 2000, the female population now numbers 11,091 an increase of 311% in fourteen years (CDC Data). The vast majority of women sentenced under Californias two-strikes and three-strikes laws are for nonviolent crimes, particularly drug offenses.A 1999 study of women in the California prison system found that 71% of incarcerated women had experienced ongoing physical abuse prior to the age of 18 and that 62% experienced ongoing physical abuse after 18 years of age. The report excessively found that 41% of women incarcerated in California had experienced sexual abuse prior to the age of 18 and 41% experienced sexual abuse after 18 years of age. Such a ground further inhibits the ability of female inmates to report or seek recourse in cases of abuse deep down the prison system. (Bloom, Owen)Prisons for women in California are on average 171% over their designed faculty, with two prisons approximately 200% over capacity. The Federal womens prison in Dublin is more than 128% over capacity (CDC Report). Valley State Penitentiary for Women (VSPW) and the adjacent Central California Womens Facility (CCWF) together contribute almost 7,000 incarcerated women and is probably the largest womens prison complex in the world. (AI Report) Women in California state prisons find only pennies an hour. Females incarcerated in federal prisons hold in a minimum of $5. 75 per month.Though inmates from the United States can sometimes make more money through Federal work programs, non-nationals are not permitted to make more than the base monthly amount. In California state prisons, women earn as little as $. 05 per hour. In the Californ ia prison system, visitation is a privilege not a right. Prisoners on demolition row and prisons in California serving life sentences without parole cannot receive unsupervised family visits. Family visits are in like manner not permitted with common law relationships. Pregnant women in prison face unique problems.Stress, environmental and ratified restrictions, unhealthy behavior, and weakened or nonexistent social support systemsall common among female inmateshave an even greater effect on pregnant inmates. Women in prison are federal agencyd right(prenominal) the normal mothering experience in such ways (Huft et al) Stress incarcerated women experience higher than normal levels of stress. They have a higher incidence of complications during pregnancy, labor, and delivery. Restricted environment reading to pregnancy is limited by the prison environment.Mandatory work, structured meal times, and lack of environ-mental stimulation may decrease the likelihood of individual ized antepartum do. For instance, pregnant inmates receive standard clothing that often does not fit well. Alternatives for special clothing (e. g. , stockings and shoes) may be dictated by availability within the institution or by what family and friends are ordain to supply. In addition, disciplinary action or other restrictions may interfere with the offenders adaptation to pregnancy. Altered social support systems even if ideal opportunities for nutritional education and physical development are available during pregnancy, pregnant women leave not take advantage of them if they do not receive support from their inmate peer groups. Limited health care facilities or staff sometimes warrants the immediate impart of a pregnant inmate to a civilian hospital at the onset of labor. Altered enate rolesMaternal identity depends on rehearsal for the anticipated role after birth. Women in Federal prisons do not directly care for their infants after birth.Developing a maternal role t herefore depends upon plans for placing the infant after birth. The inmate can place the infant either for adoption or for guardianship. Preparation for care includes teaching the mother decision-making skills. Counseling should emphasize developing an identity during pregnancy and strategies for coping with the loss of the infant. after the birth, the mother will need counseling in making or accepting the decision to place the infant for adoption or temporary guardianship. One of the major concerns of women in prison is their children.A large percentage of women in our criminal legal expert system are mothers. According to Amnesty internationalist, 78% of women in state prisons are mothers (Impact on Children, 1999). Because there are fewer women in prison than men, there are fewer womens facilities throughout the country. As a result, women are placed in prisons located miles past from their children and families (Chesney-Lind, 1998). Consequently, children spend less time visi ting their mothers in these facilities. For children who resided in the same home as their mother prior to her incarceration, this is an extremely traumatic experience.Children whose parents are incarcerated are often placed in the care of other family members, in foster care or in juvenile homes. Nationwide, 50% of the children in the juvenile justice system have a parent in prison (Impact on Children, 1999). Very few children will go live with their father and the majority of children, approximately 60%, are taken in and cared for by their grandmothers. However, many of these grandmothers are financially unstable and do not have the means to support and pay off all the needs of these children.As if this is not traumatic enough, children of incarcerated mothers face many other hardships. Along with being removed from the home they grew up in and their families, children face other unfamiliar challenges such as care new schools and hold in new homes in alien settings. These childr en may demonstrate a variety of emotional and psychological responses such as hyperactivity, attention deficits, delinquency, and teenage pregnancy, withdrawal from social relationships or put out in to denial along with difficulty with intimacy and assertiveness, lack of trust in others, and poor donnish performance.(Impact on Children, 1999). The vast majority of female prisoners in the United States are held in women-only facilities. About fifth part of all female inmates are housed in co-ed facilities that is, prisons that accommodate both male and female offenders. interaction between male and female inmates at coed prisons is minimal and men and women share only certain vocational, technical, or educational resources and recreational facilities. Female inmates are housed in units that are entirely separate from units for male inmates during even hours (Encarta).The coed facilities present less problems than one would expect, a phenomenon attributed to the softening effect women have on male inmates. The living conditions at a womens prison are somewhat more pleasant, but there is often a shortage of programs. Womens prisons are usually less security-conscious. Neither the inmate code nor the dark economy is well developed. Rather than form gangs, women tend to create pseudofamilies, in which they adopt various family roles father, mother, daughter, babe in a type of half serious, half play-acting set of relationships.Some of these roles, but not all of them, involve homosexual relationships. In conclusion, I think that these issues of women in the criminal system should be brought to more awareness to let the public know of these problems and maybe it will help women and young women to get off that track of crime so they dont end up like all of these other women in these prisons.Bibliography Corrections Statistics. U. S. Department of Justice. Office of Justice Programs. Bureau of Justice Statistics Website, 2004 Chesney-Lind, M. Women in Priso n From uncomplete Justice to Vengeful Equity. Corrections Today, vol. 60, no. 7, 1998. Impact on Children of Women in Prison. Amnesty International Website, 2004 Californian Prisons Failure to protect prisoners from abuse Amnesty International Issue AMR 51/79/00. 24 May, 2000 California Department of Corrections Data. California Statistical Abstract, 12/1999.McClellan, Dorothy S. Coming to the aid of women in U. S. prisons, periodical Review, June, 2002. Huft, Anita G. , Fawkes, Lena. and Lawson, Travis. Care of the Pregnant Offender Federal Prisons Journal, Spring 1992. Prison, Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2004 Owen, Barbara, and Barbara Bloom. Profiling the needs of the California early days authoritys female population. ICPSR version. Fresno, CA California State University, 1997.